In the 1960s, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) of Singapore played a crucial role in transforming the country’s housing landscape. This period was marked by several key trends and developments:

1. Addressing the Housing Crisis

• Severe Shortage of Housing: In the early 1960s, Singapore faced an acute housing shortage, with a large portion of the population living in overcrowded, poorly built slums and squatter settlements. The HDB was established in 1960 with the primary goal of addressing this crisis.
• Mass Construction of Public Housing: The HDB's primary task was to build affordable and high-quality public housing at a rapid pace. In its first five years, the HDB constructed over 50,000 flats, a remarkable achievement for the time. This aggressive building plan helped to drastically reduce the housing shortfall.

2. Focus on Basic, Affordable Housing

• Simple, Functional Flats: HDB flats in the 1960s were basic but functional, often in the form of small one- or two-room units. The main focus was on providing shelter and basic amenities, such as running water and electricity, to as many people as possible.
• Affordable Prices: These flats were sold at affordable prices to cater to the low- and middle-income population, making homeownership accessible to many.

3. Urbanization and Town Planning

• Satellite Towns Development: The HDB introduced the concept of self-contained satellite towns to decentralize housing away from the city center. Towns like Queenstown, Toa Payoh, and Bukit Ho Swee were developed, with each area featuring amenities like schools, markets, and healthcare centers, creating well-rounded communities.
• New Town Planning: A structured town planning approach was adopted to organize housing estates. This included zoning for residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, along with accessible transport networks to connect residents to the city center.

4. Rapid Industrialization and Housing as a Tool for Nation Building

• Economic and Social Stability: Housing was seen not just as a social necessity but also as a means to support Singapore's rapid industrialization efforts. Providing decent housing for workers enabled the government to reduce social tensions and build a stable, productive labor force.
• Homeownership as a National Goal: Homeownership was promoted as a way to foster social cohesion and a sense of national identity. The Central Provident Fund (CPF) was introduced in 1968, allowing Singaporeans to use their CPF savings to buy HDB flats, creating a pathway to affordable homeownership.

5. Resettlement and Slum Clearance

• Large-Scale Resettlement: As part of the effort to clear slums and improve living conditions, many residents were relocated from squatter settlements to newly constructed HDB flats. This was a significant social shift as thousands of families moved from kampongs (villages) to high-rise apartments.
• Social Engineering: The resettlement process was not just about housing but also about integrating different racial groups into shared spaces. HDB’s ethnic integration policy (introduced later, in the 1980s) began to take root, promoting racial harmony by ensuring a balanced ethnic mix in housing estates.

6. Foundation of HDB’s Reputation

• Success in Alleviating the Housing Shortage: By the end of the 1960s, the HDB had gained a strong reputation for its efficiency in alleviating Singapore’s housing shortage. It became a model for other countries looking to address similar urban housing challenges.

20 世纪 60 年代，新加坡建屋发展局 (HDB) 在改变该国住房格局方面发挥了至关重要的作用。这一时期出现了几个关键趋势和发展：

1. 解决住房危机

• 住房严重短缺：20 世纪 60 年代初，新加坡面临严重的住房短缺问题，大部分人口居住在拥挤不堪、建筑质量差的贫民窟和棚户区。建屋发展局成立于 1960 年，主要目标就是解决这一危机。

• 大规模建设公共住房：建屋发展局的主要任务是快速建设价格合理、质量上乘的公共住房。在建屋发展局成立后的头五年，建屋发展局建造了 50,000 多套公寓，这在当时是一项了不起的成就。这项积极的建设计划有助于大幅减少住房短缺问题。

2. 注重基本、可负担住房

• 简单、实用的公寓：20 世纪 60 年代的 HDB 公寓虽然简单但实用，通常为小型一室或两室单位。主要重点是为尽可能多的人提供住房和基本便利设施，如自来水和电力。

• 价格实惠：这些公寓以实惠的价格出售，以满足中低收入人群的需求，使许多人都能拥有住房。

3. 城市化和城镇规划

• 卫星城镇发展：HDB 引入了自给自足的卫星城镇概念，将住房分散到远离市中心的地方。皇后镇、大巴窑和河水山等城镇得到了发展，每个地区都设有学校、市场和医疗中心等便利设施，创造了全面的社区。

• 新城镇规划：采用结构化的城镇规划方法来组织住宅区。这包括划分住宅、商业和娱乐空间，以及连接居民和市中心的便捷交通网络。

4. 快速工业化和住房作为国家建设的工具

• 经济和社会稳定：住房不仅被视为社会必需品，也是支持新加坡快速工业化努力的一种手段。为工人提供体面的住房使政府能够缓解社会紧张局势并建立一支稳定、高效的劳动力队伍。

• 房屋所有权作为国家目标：房屋所有权被推广为促进社会凝聚力和民族认同感的一种方式。中央公积金 (CPF) 于 1968 年推出，允许新加坡人使用他们的公积金储蓄购买 HDB 公寓，为负担得起的房屋所有权开辟了道路。

5. 重新安置和贫民窟清理

In the 1970s, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) of Singapore continued its mission to provide affordable public housing, with several key initiatives that shaped the nation’s urban landscape. This period saw the expansion of housing efforts, focusing on improving living conditions and supporting the country's rapid modernization. Below are some of the key initiatives and trends from that era:

1. Expansion of Satellite Towns

• Development of New Towns: In the 1970s, the HDB continued its strategy of building self-contained satellite towns to decentralize the population from the city center. Towns such as Ang Mo Kio, Bedok, and Clementi were developed during this period. These towns were designed with a variety of facilities like schools, parks, shops, and healthcare services, creating a complete living environment.
• Ang Mo Kio as a Model New Town: Ang Mo Kio, launched in 1973, became a model for HDB town planning. The town was built with a clear organizational structure of neighborhoods, with each precinct having access to amenities. It was one of the first towns designed with high-rise buildings and more advanced urban planning concepts.

2. Home Ownership for the People Scheme

• Promotion of Homeownership: One of the most significant initiatives of the 1970s was the expansion of the Home Ownership for the People Scheme, introduced in 1964. The scheme allowed Singaporeans to use their Central Provident Fund (CPF) savings to buy HDB flats. By the 1970s, the government strongly encouraged homeownership, with the goal of creating a nation of homeowners, which was seen as a way to foster stability, social cohesion, and individual financial security.
• Wider Flat Types: During this time, the range of flat types was expanded to cater to different income groups. Besides the standard two-room and three-room flats, larger four- and five-room flats were introduced, allowing more space for growing families and the middle-income population.

3. Introduction of the Residential Upgrading Program

• Upgrading of Older Flats: By the 1970s, some of the earlier HDB flats built in the 1960s were beginning to show signs of wear and tear. To address this, the HDB began upgrading these flats to improve living standards. This included structural repairs, better sanitation, and the addition of modern amenities like lifts and improved electrical systems.
• Improved Design and Comfort: The design of HDB flats evolved during this period to provide better living conditions. Flats became more spacious, with more modern facilities such as built-in kitchens and larger windows for better ventilation. Housing estates also became more aesthetically pleasing, with more greenery and open spaces.

4. Town Planning and Improved Infrastructure

• Comprehensive Urban Planning: The 1970s saw more sophisticated urban planning in HDB towns, with a greater emphasis on infrastructure and transportation. Town centers were designed as hubs for commercial activities, surrounded by residential blocks. Public transport systems, including bus terminals, were integrated into new town designs, ensuring that residents had easy access to the city center.
• First MRT Planning: Though the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system was only launched in the 1980s, planning for Singapore’s rail network began in the 1970s. HDB towns developed in this period were designed with future MRT connectivity in mind, anticipating the need for efficient public transport to serve a growing population.

5. Ethnic Integration Policy

• Racial Integration: Although formally introduced in the 1980s, the foundation for the Ethnic Integration Policy was laid in the 1970s. HDB was already conscious of promoting social harmony in a multi-racial society. The policy aimed to ensure a balanced ethnic mix in housing estates, preventing ethnic enclaves and encouraging racial integration. This was a step toward fostering racial harmony through shared public spaces and facilities in housing estates.

6. Focus on Community and Social Development

• Community Facilities: In addition to housing, the HDB placed greater emphasis on developing community facilities to enhance the quality of life. This included the construction of markets, hawker centers, community centers, schools, playgrounds, and places of worship within estates, creating a vibrant community environment.
• Promoting Social Cohesion: The development of these facilities encouraged social interaction among residents, fostering a sense of belonging and community in HDB towns. The government also promoted national identity and civic pride through community programs, helping residents feel more connected to the nation’s progress.

7. Industrial and Commercial Integration

• Integration of Industry and Housing: In the 1970s, the HDB began to integrate light industrial developments into housing estates, bringing jobs closer to residential areas. This initiative supported Singapore’s industrialization efforts and helped reduce commuting times for workers.
• Development of Commercial Hubs: Alongside residential flats, HDB developed commercial spaces like shops, food courts, and offices within housing estates. Town centers were designed as mixed-use areas, allowing residents to live, work, and play within their neighborhoods.

8. Focus on Larger Families

• Larger Flat Sizes: During this period, the focus shifted to accommodating larger families. The introduction of four- and five-room flats was a response to the growing needs of multi-generational families, providing them with more living space and flexibility.

In summary, the 1970s was a decade of consolidation and expansion for HDB. The key initiatives during this period focused on the development of new satellite towns, promoting homeownership, improving infrastructure, enhancing living conditions through upgrading programs, and fostering social integration. These efforts laid the groundwork for the comprehensive and efficient public housing system that would continue to evolve in the decades to come.

1. 卫星城扩张
• 新城发展：20 世纪 70 年代，建屋局继续实施建设自给自足的卫星城的战略，以将人口从市中心分散开来。宏茂桥、勿洛和金文泰等城镇在此期间得到发展。这些城镇设计了各种设施，如学校、公园、商店和医疗保健服务，创造了一个完整的生活环境。
• 宏茂桥作为模范新城：宏茂桥于 1973 年推出，成为建屋局城镇规划的典范。该镇的社区组织结构清晰，每个区域都可以使用便利设施。它是首批采用高层建筑和更先进的城市规划理念设计的城镇之一。

2. 人民拥有房屋计划
• 促进房屋所有权：20 世纪 70 年代最重要的举措之一是扩大 1964 年推出的人民拥有房屋计划。该计划允许新加坡人使用他们的中央公积金 (CPF) 储蓄购买 HDB 公寓。到 20 世纪 70 年代，政府大力鼓励房屋所有权，目标是建立一个房主国家，这被视为促进稳定、社会凝聚力和个人财务安全的一种方式。
• 更广泛的公寓类型：在此期间，公寓类型的范围得到扩大，以满足不同收入群体的需求。除了标准的两室和三室公寓外，还引入了更大的四室和五室公寓，为成长中的家庭和中等收入人群提供了更多空间。

3. 住宅升级计划的引入
• 旧公寓升级：到 20 世纪 70 年代，一些建于 20 世纪 60 年代的早期 HDB 公寓开始出现磨损迹象。为了解决这个问题，HDB 开始升级这些公寓，以提高生活水平。这包括结构维修、改善卫生条件以及增加电梯和改进电气系统等现代化设施。
• 改进设计和舒适度：HDB 公寓的设计在此期间不断发展，以提供更好的生活条件。公寓变得更加宽敞，拥有更多现代化设施，例如内置厨房和更大的窗户，以便更好地通风。住宅区也变得更加美观，拥有更多的绿化和开放空间。

4. 城镇规划和改善基础设施
• 全面的城市规划：20 世纪 70 年代，HDB 城镇的城市规划更加复杂，更加重视基础设施和交通。城镇中心被设计为商业活动中心，周围环绕着住宅区。公共交通系统（包括巴士总站）被整合到新城镇设计中，确保居民可以轻松前往市中心。
• 第一个地铁规划：虽然大众捷运（MRT）系统直到 20 世纪 80 年代才推出，但新加坡的铁路网络规划始于 20 世纪 70 年代。在此期间开发的 HDB 城镇在设计时考虑到了未来的地铁连通性，预计需要高效的公共交通来服务不断增长的人口。

5. 民族融合政策
• 种族融合：虽然民族融合政策在 20 世纪 80 年代正式推出，但其基础是在 20 世纪 70 年代奠定的。建屋局已经意识到在多种族社会中促进社会和谐。该政策旨在确保住宅区内种族平衡，防止种族聚居，并鼓励种族融合。这是通过共享住宅区公共空间和设施促进种族和谐的一步。

6. 注重社区和社会发展
• 社区设施：除了住房，建屋局还更加重视发展社区设施，以提高生活质量。这包括在屋邨内兴建市场、小贩中心、社区中心、学校、游乐场和礼拜场所，营造充满活力的社区环境。
• 促进社会凝聚力：这些设施的发展鼓励居民之间的社交互动，培养建屋局城镇的归属感和社区意识。政府还通过社区计划促进国家认同和公民自豪感，帮助居民感受到与国家进步的紧密联系。

7. 工业和商业融合
• 工业和住房融合：20 世纪 70 年代，建屋局开始将轻工业发展融入住宅区，使工作地点更接近住宅区。这一举措支持了新加坡的工业化努力，并有助于减少工人的通勤时间。

1. Introduction of the Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP)

• Fostering Racial Harmony: One of the most significant initiatives in the 1980s was the introduction of the Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) in 1989. This policy set quotas for the ethnic composition of residents in HDB estates, ensuring that no racial group would dominate a neighborhood. The goal was to prevent ethnic enclaves and promote interaction among different races, fostering social cohesion and national unity in Singapore's multi-ethnic society.
• Balanced Racial Distribution: Under the EIP, specific limits were imposed on the percentage of flats in an estate that could be allocated to each ethnic group. This policy played a crucial role in strengthening social integration, as Singaporeans from various ethnic backgrounds would live side by side, encouraging a sense of community and understanding.

2. Launch of the Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS)

• Urban Renewal and Redevelopment: The Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS), introduced in 1989, was aimed at rejuvenating older estates. Under this scheme, certain older HDB blocks were demolished, and the land was redeveloped to create new, modern housing. Affected residents were offered new flats in nearby areas, often with better amenities and higher property values.
• Maximizing Land Use: SERS allowed the HDB to better utilize land in older estates that were underdeveloped or aging. This not only provided newer, better flats for residents but also made room for additional housing to meet growing demand in mature towns.

3. Expansion of the Home Ownership Scheme

• Promotion of Homeownership: In the 1980s, the HDB expanded the Home Ownership for the People Scheme to further encourage Singaporeans to purchase their own homes. The government continued to offer subsidies and grants to make flats affordable for a wider range of income groups. The use of Central Provident Fund (CPF) savings for down payments and mortgage repayments also became more widespread during this time.

4. Upgrading and Modernization of Older Estates

• Home Improvement Program (HIP): The Home Improvement Program (HIP), introduced in the late 1980s, focused on upgrading older HDB flats to modern standards. Improvements included upgrading toilets, rewiring electrical systems, and installing new windows. This program aimed to enhance the safety, comfort, and aesthetic appeal of aging flats.
• Lift Upgrading Program (LUP): A key part of the modernization efforts was the Lift Upgrading Program (LUP), which ensured that every HDB block had lifts that stopped at every floor. This initiative was particularly important for the elderly and residents with mobility issues, improving accessibility and convenience.
• Precinct Upgrading: Beyond individual flats, entire precincts were also upgraded. This involved improving common spaces such as playgrounds, walkways, and landscaped areas to create a better living environment for residents.

5. More Varied Flat Types and Designs

• New Flat Designs: In the 1980s, HDB introduced more varied flat types and designs to cater to the changing needs and aspirations of Singaporeans. Larger flats, such as four-room and five-room units, became more common, and flat designs were improved to include better ventilation, larger kitchens, and balconies.
• Maisonettes and Executive Apartments: During this period, HDB also introduced maisonettes and executive apartments, which were two-story units that offered more living space and were aimed at the higher-income bracket. These flats were seen as a bridge between public housing and private property, allowing residents to enjoy more luxurious living spaces at affordable prices.

6. Focus on Community and Social Infrastructure

• Development of Town Centers: The 1980s saw a greater emphasis on developing comprehensive town centers within HDB estates. These centers were designed to be the commercial and social hubs of new towns, featuring shopping malls, hawker centers, libraries, and recreational facilities. This was part of the government’s vision of creating self-contained communities where residents could live, work, and play without needing to travel far.
• Integrated Amenities: In addition to town centers, HDB developments in the 1980s included a greater variety of amenities, such as parks, schools, and healthcare facilities, all within walking distance of residential areas. This integrated approach to planning enhanced the quality of life for residents and strengthened the sense of community within HDB estates.

7. Land Optimization and High-Rise Living

• Shift Toward High-Density Housing: As land scarcity became a pressing issue in Singapore, the HDB focused on maximizing the use of available land by building more high-rise flats. Taller HDB blocks were constructed to accommodate more residents, especially in mature estates where land was limited.
• Land Intensification: To ensure that Singapore's limited land resources were used efficiently, the HDB worked closely with urban planners to create high-density towns that could accommodate more people while maintaining a high standard of living.

8. Environmental and Sustainability Efforts

• Green Spaces and Environmental Planning: The HDB began incorporating more green spaces and environmentally friendly features into its estate designs. Parks, playgrounds, and community gardens were integrated into housing estates to improve residents' well-being and promote sustainable living.
• Energy Efficiency: The 1980s also saw the introduction of energy-saving measures, such as better insulation in flats and the use of more efficient water and electrical systems. While these efforts were modest compared to later decades, they marked the beginning of HDB’s commitment to sustainability.

9. Housing Loan Policies and Subsidies

• HDB Loans and Housing Grants: In the 1980s, the HDB provided loans at subsidized interest rates to help lower-income families afford homes. Additionally, housing grants were introduced to help young couples and first-time buyers purchase flats at more affordable rates. These policies made it easier for Singaporeans to achieve homeownership, regardless of their financial situation.

In summary, the 1980s were a transformative decade for Singapore's public housing sector. The key initiatives included the Ethnic Integration Policy to promote social harmony, the introduction of SERS to rejuvenate older estates, and the expansion of homeownership schemes. At the same time, HDB flats were upgraded and modernized, new town centers were developed, and high-rise, high-density living became more common. These initiatives laid the foundation for the continued success of Singapore's public housing model, ensuring that it remained affordable, inclusive, and sustainable.

2. 推出选择性整体重建计划 (SERS)
城市更新和重建：选择性整体重建计划 (SERS) 于 1989 年推出，旨在振兴旧庄园。根据该计划，某些较旧的 HDB 街区被拆除，土地被重新开发以建造新的现代化住房。受影响的居民可以在附近地区获得新公寓，这些公寓通常具有更好的设施和更高的房产价值。
最大限度地利用土地：SERS 使 HDB 能够更好地利用开发不足或老化的旧庄园中的土地。这不仅为居民提供了更新、更好的公寓，而且还为额外的住房腾出了空间，以满足成熟城镇日益增长的需求。

3. 扩大房屋所有权计划
促进房屋所有权：20 世纪 80 年代，建屋局扩大了全民房屋所有权计划，进一步鼓励新加坡人购买自己的房屋。政府继续提供补贴和补助，使更多收入群体都能买得起公寓。在此期间，使用中央公积金 (CPF) 储蓄支付首付和抵押贷款也变得更加普遍。。

4. 旧屋的升级和现代化
家居改造计划 (HIP)：家居改造计划 (HIP) 于 20 世纪 80 年代末推出，重点是将旧 HDB 公寓升级到现代标准。改造包括升级厕所、重新布线电气系统和安装新窗户。该计划旨在提高老旧公寓的安全性、舒适性和美观性。
电梯升级计划 (LUP)：现代化工作的一个关键部分是电梯升级计划 (LUP)，该计划确保每个 HDB 街区都有停在每一层楼的电梯。这项举措对老年人和行动不便的居民尤其重要，提高了可达性和便利性。
小区升级：除了单个公寓外，整个小区也进行了升级。这涉及改善游乐场、人行道和景观区等公共空间，为居民创造更好的生活环境。

5. 更加多样化的公寓类型和设计
新公寓设计：20 世纪 80 年代，建屋局推出了更加多样化的公寓类型和设计，以满足新加坡人不断变化的需求和愿望。四房和五房等大型公寓变得越来越普遍，公寓设计也得到了改进，包括更好的通风、更大的厨房和阳台。
复式公寓和行政公寓：在此期间，建屋局还推出了复式公寓和行政公寓，这些公寓是两层楼的单元，提供更多的居住空间，针对高收入阶层。这些公寓被视为公共住房和私人财产之间的桥梁，让居民以实惠的价格享受更豪华的居住空间。

6. 关注社区和社会基础设施
城镇中心的发展：20 世纪 80 年代，建屋局更加重视在建屋局的庄园内开发综合城镇中心。这些中心旨在成为新城镇的商业和社交中心，设有购物中心、小贩中心、图书馆和娱乐设施。这是政府创建自给自足社区愿景的一部分，居民无需远行即可生活、工作和娱乐。

综合设施：除了城镇中心，20 世纪 80 年代的 HDB 开发项目还包括更多种类的设施，如公园、学校和医疗保健设施，所有这些都在步行距离内。这种综合规划方法提高了居民的生活质量，增强了 HDB 区内的社区意识。

7. 土地优化和高层生活
向高密度住房转变：随着土地稀缺成为新加坡的一个紧迫问题，HDB 专注于通过建造更多高层公寓来最大限度地利用可用土地。为了容纳更多居民，建屋局建造了更高的楼宇，尤其是在土地有限的成熟小区。
土地集约化：为了确保有效利用新加坡有限的土地资源，建屋局与城市规划人员密切合作，创建高密度城镇，在保持高生活水平的同时容纳更多人。

8. 环境和可持续发展工作
绿地和环境规划：建屋局开始将更多绿地和环保设施纳入其小区设计中。公园、游乐场和社区花园被整合到住宅小区中，以改善居民的福祉并促进可持续生活。
能源效率：20 世纪 80 年代还引入了节能措施，例如改善公寓的隔热性能并使用更高效的水电系统。虽然与后来的几十年相比，这些努力微不足道，但它们标志着建屋局致力于可持续发展的开始。

9. 住房贷款政策和补贴
建屋局贷款和住房补助金：20 世纪 80 年代，建屋局以补贴利率提供贷款，帮助低收入家庭买得起房子。此外，还推出了住房补助金，帮助年轻夫妇和首次购房者以更实惠的价格购买公寓。这些政策使新加坡人无论经济状况如何，都能更轻松地拥有住房。

总之，20 世纪 80 年代是新加坡公共住房部门的变革十年。关键举措包括促进社会和谐的种族融合政策、引入 SERS 以振兴旧区以及扩大房屋所有权计划。与此同时，建屋局的公寓得到了升级和现代化改造，新的城镇中心得到了开发，高层高密度生活变得更加普遍。这些举措为新加坡公共住房模式的持续成功奠定了基础，确保了其价格实惠、包容性和可持续性。

In the 1990s, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) of Singapore continued to innovate and adapt its public housing policies and initiatives to meet the evolving needs of the population. During this period, there was a strong focus on enhancing the quality of life in HDB estates, modernizing housing infrastructure, and creating more opportunities for homeownership. Here are the key initiatives and developments of the HDB in the 1990s:

1. Introduction of the Executive Condominium Scheme (EC)

• Bridging the Gap Between Public and Private Housing: Introduced in 1995, the Executive Condominium (EC) Scheme was designed to cater to the "sandwiched class"—Singaporeans whose income exceeded the eligibility limits for standard HDB flats but who could not afford private property. ECs offered condominium-style living (with facilities like swimming pools, gyms, and security) but were priced lower than private condos.
• Subsidized Ownership with Private Market Potential: EC buyers enjoyed subsidies and could use their Central Provident Fund (CPF) savings to finance their purchase. After a minimum occupation period of 5 years, ECs could be sold on the open market, making them attractive to families aspiring for private homeownership in the long term.

2. Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS) Expansion

• Urban Renewal and Rejuvenation of Older Estates: The Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS), introduced in the late 1980s, gained momentum in the 1990s. SERS aimed to redevelop older HDB blocks, particularly those in prime locations, to optimize land use and provide residents with new, modern flats.
• Relocation and Compensation for Affected Residents: Under SERS, residents were offered new, better-quality flats, often in nearby areas, along with generous compensation. This ensured minimal disruption to communities and maintained the continuity of social networks.

3. Estate Upgrading Program (EUP)

• Improving the Quality of Older HDB Estates: The Estate Upgrading Program (EUP) was launched in the 1990s to enhance the living environment in older estates that were not included in SERS. EUP focused on upgrading common facilities, improving accessibility, and beautifying the surroundings. This included the renovation of void decks, the installation of new playgrounds, landscaping, and upgrading utilities.
• Community-Centered Improvements: The program also introduced community-based improvements, such as senior-friendly infrastructure (e.g., ramps, handrails) and upgraded sports and recreational facilities to meet the changing needs of residents.

4. Home Improvement Program (HIP)

• Upgrading Inside Homes: The Home Improvement Program (HIP), which began in the late 1980s, continued in the 1990s with a focus on upgrading the interiors of aging HDB flats. Key improvements included renovations of bathrooms, replacement of windows, upgrading of electrical wiring, and other structural repairs to ensure that older flats remained safe and comfortable for residents.
• Elder-Friendly Modifications: As Singapore's population aged, the HIP included provisions for elder-friendly home modifications, such as grab bars, non-slip flooring, and ramps, making homes more accessible for the elderly.

5. Lift Upgrading Program (LUP)

• Increasing Accessibility: One of the most important initiatives of the 1990s was the continued rollout of the Lift Upgrading Program (LUP). This program ensured that lifts in older HDB blocks were upgraded to stop at every floor, significantly improving accessibility for residents, especially the elderly and those with mobility issues.
• Enhanced Safety and Convenience: The LUP also included the installation of new, safer, and more energy-efficient lifts in many older blocks, improving convenience and quality of life for residents in high-rise HDB flats.

6. Design and Build Scheme

• Greater Customization for Homebuyers: In the 1990s, HDB introduced the Design and Build Scheme, which allowed private developers to design and build HDB flats with greater flexibility in terms of layout, design, and interior fittings. These projects were typically more aesthetically pleasing and incorporated more advanced architectural features, offering residents a higher standard of living within the public housing framework.
• Partnership with Private Developers: The scheme allowed private-sector architects and contractors to bring innovation and creativity to HDB developments, while HDB ensured affordability and quality control. This partnership also led to greater diversity in the design of HDB flats.

7. Launching the Central Provident Fund (CPF) Housing Grant Scheme

• Support for First-Time Buyers: The CPF Housing Grant Scheme, introduced in 1994, was a major initiative aimed at helping first-time buyers afford HDB flats in the resale market. The government provided cash grants (which could be used to offset the flat’s cost) to lower- and middle-income families who were buying resale flats, making it easier for them to purchase a home.
• Encouraging Resale Market Activity: The scheme also helped boost activity in the resale HDB market, giving buyers more options in terms of location and flat type. This, in turn, helped to alleviate some of the pressure on new flat demand.

8. New Town Development and Expansion of Existing Estates

• Development of New Towns: HDB continued to develop new towns in the 1990s, with Sengkang and Punggol being key examples. These new towns were built with a comprehensive range of amenities and facilities, including schools, parks, community centers, and commercial hubs, creating self-sufficient communities.
• Expansion of Existing Estates: In addition to new towns, the 1990s saw the expansion of older estates like Tampines and Yishun. HDB redeveloped underutilized land in these areas to accommodate more flats, meeting the growing demand for public housing.

9. Greater Focus on Town Planning and Environmental Sustainability

• Integrated Town Planning: In the 1990s, HDB adopted a more holistic approach to town planning, focusing on creating well-rounded, self-sufficient communities. This meant integrating residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within each town, ensuring that residents had access to all the necessary amenities without needing to travel far.
• Environmental Sustainability: There was also a growing focus on sustainability in HDB developments during the 1990s. HDB began incorporating more greenery into its estates, building parks and community gardens, and using environmentally friendly building materials. Energy-saving measures, such as improved ventilation and lighting designs, were introduced in new HDB blocks to reduce energy consumption.

10. Introduction of the Housing Maintenance and Management Policies

• Maintenance of HDB Flats: As HDB estates aged, the board placed greater emphasis on the maintenance and management of flats. In the 1990s, HDB set up management committees and established service standards for the upkeep of public spaces, including cleaning, landscaping, and repairs.
• Town Councils: The Town Councils Act, passed in 1989, began to have a greater impact in the 1990s. Town councils, composed of elected local representatives, were responsible for maintaining the common areas of HDB estates, giving residents more control over the management of their towns.

11. Introduction of the Premium Flats

• More Upscale Housing Options: To cater to rising aspirations, HDB introduced Premium Flats in the 1990s. These flats featured better finishes, larger spaces, and were located in prime areas or near town centers. Premium Flats were aimed at middle-income families looking for higher-quality public housing options without entering the private property market.

12. HDB’s First Smart Estate Initiatives

• Digital and Technological Innovations: The 1990s saw the early stages of smart estate initiatives by HDB, with the incorporation of technologies like closed-circuit television (CCTV) for better estate security and the installation of electronic parking systems. This period laid the foundation for future "smart towns" that would incorporate more advanced technologies in housing developments.

In summary, the 1990s were a period of significant expansion and modernization for Singapore's HDB. The key initiatives focused on improving the quality of housing, expanding homeownership opportunities, rejuvenating older estates, and ensuring that public housing met the evolving needs of Singaporeans. The decade also laid the groundwork for more integrated town planning and future sustainability efforts, positioning HDB to continue providing affordable, high-quality homes for the growing population.

20 世纪 90 年代，新加坡建屋发展局 (HDB) 不断创新和调整公共住房政策和举措，以满足人口不断变化的需求。在此期间，重点关注提高 HDB 区的生活质量、现代化住房基础设施以及创造更多购房机会。以下是 HDB 在 20 世纪 90 年代的主要举措和发展：

1. 推出行政公寓计划 (EC)

缩小公共住房和私人住房之间的差距：行政公寓计划 (EC) 于 1995 年推出，旨在满足“夹心阶层”的需求——收入超过标准 HDB 公寓资格限制但买不起私人房产的新加坡人。EC 提供公寓式生活（配有游泳池、健身房和安保等设施），但价格低于私人公寓。

具有私人市场潜力的补贴所有权：EC 买家享受补贴，并可以使用中央公积金 (CPF) 储蓄来支付购房费用。EC 至少居住 5 年后可在公开市场上出售，这对希望长期拥有私人住房的家庭来说具有吸引力。

2. 选择性整体重建计划 (SERS) 扩展

旧区城市更新和复兴：选择性整体重建计划 (SERS) 于 1980 年代末推出，在 1990 年代发展势头强劲。SERS 旨在重建较旧的 HDB 街区，特别是那些位于黄金地段的街区，以优化土地利用并为居民提供新的现代化公寓。

受影响居民的搬迁和补偿：根据 SERS，居民通常可以获得位于附近地区的新的、质量更好的公寓，以及丰厚的补偿。这确保了对社区的干扰最小，并保持了社会网络的连续性。

3. 住宅区升级计划 (EUP)

改善旧 HDB 住宅区的质量：住宅区升级计划 (EUP) 于 20 世纪 90 年代启动，旨在改善未纳入 SERS 的旧住宅区的生活环境。EUP 专注于升级公共设施、改善可达性和美化周围环境。这包括翻新空地、安装新游乐场、美化环境和升级公用设施。

以社区为中心的改进：该计划还引入了以社区为基础的改进，例如老年人友好型基础设施（例如坡道、扶手）和升级的体育和娱乐设施，以满足居民不断变化的需求。

4. 家居改善计划 (HIP)

升级住宅内部：家居改善计划 (HIP) 始于 20 世纪 80 年代末，在 20 世纪 90 年代继续实施，重点是升级老旧 HDB 公寓的内部。主要改进包括浴室翻新、窗户更换、电线升级和其他结构性维修，以确保老旧公寓对居民来说仍然安全舒适。

老年人友好型改造：随着新加坡人口老龄化，HIP 包括老年人友好型住宅改造，例如扶手、防滑地板和坡道，使老年人更容易进入住宅。

5. 电梯升级计划 (LUP)

提高可达性：20 世纪 90 年代最重要的举措之一是继续推出电梯升级计划 (LUP)。该计划确保较旧的 HDB 大楼的电梯升级到每层都停靠，大大提高了居民的可达性，尤其是老年人和行动不便的人。

增强安全性和便利性：LUP 还包括在许多旧大楼安装新的、更安全、更节能的电梯，提高高层 HDB 公寓居民的便利性和生活质量。

6. 设计与建造计划

为购房者提供更多定制化选择：20 世纪 90 年代，建屋局推出了设计与建造计划，允许私人开发商在布局、设计和室内装修方面更灵活地设计和建造建屋局公寓。这些项目通常更美观，并融入了更先进的建筑特色，在公共住房框架内为居民提供更高的生活水平。

与私人开发商的合作：该计划允许私营部门的建筑师和承包商为建屋局开发项目带来创新和创造力，而建屋局则确保价格合理和质量控制。这种合作关系也使建屋局公寓的设计更加多样化

7. 推出中央公积金 (CPF) 住房补助计划

• 为首次购房者提供支持：1994 年推出的中央公积金住房补助计划是一项重大举措，旨在帮助首次购房者在二手市场上购买 HDB 单位。政府向购买二手单位的中低收入家庭提供现金补助（可用于抵消单位成本），使他们更容易购买房屋。

• 鼓励二手市场活动：该计划还有助于促进二手 HDB 市场的活动，为买家提供更多位置和单位类型的选择。这反过来又有助于缓解新单位需求的一些压力。

8. 新城镇开发和现有庄园的扩建

• 新城镇开发：HDB 在 1990 年代继续开发新城镇，盛港和榜鹅就是典型例子。这些新城镇配备了全面的便利设施，包括学校、公园、社区中心和商业中心，形成了自给自足的社区。

• 现有社区的扩张：除了新城镇，20 世纪 90 年代还扩张了淡滨尼和义顺等老旧社区。建屋局重新开发了这些地区未充分利用的土地，以容纳更多公寓，满足了日益增长的公共住房需求。

9. 更加注重城镇规划和环境可持续性

• 综合城镇规划：20 世纪 90 年代，建屋局采用了更全面的城镇规划方法，专注于创建全面、自给自足的社区。这意味着整合每个城镇内的住宅、商业和娱乐空间，确保居民无需远行即可获得所有必要的便利设施。

• 环境可持续性：20 世纪 90 年代，建屋局也越来越注重可持续发展。建屋局开始在其屋邨内增加绿化，兴建公园和社区花园，并使用环保建筑材料。建屋局在新建的屋邨内引入节能措施，例如改善通风和照明设计，以减少能源消耗。

10. 房屋维修及管理政策的引入

• 建屋局单位维修：随着建屋局屋邨老化，董事会更加重视单位的维修和管理。20 世纪 90 年代，建屋局成立管理委员会，并制定公共空间保养服务标准，包括清洁、景观美化和维修。

• 市镇理事会：1989 年通过的《市镇理事会法》在 20 世纪 90 年代开始发挥更大作用。市镇理事会由民选地方代表组成，负责维护建屋局屋邨的公共区域，让居民对市镇的管理有更多掌控权。

11. 推出高级组屋

• 更多高档住房选择：为了满足日益增长的需求，建屋局在 20 世纪 90 年代推出了高级组屋。这些组屋装修更精致，空间更大，位于黄金地段或市中心附近。高级组屋面向中等收入家庭，他们希望获得更高质量的公共住房，而无需进入私人房地产市场。

12. 建屋局的首个智能地产计划

• 数字和技术创新：20 世纪 90 年代是建屋局智能地产计划的早期阶段，采用了闭路电视 (CCTV) 等技术来提高房地产安全性，并安装了电子停车系统。这一时期为未来的“智能城镇”奠定了基础，这些城镇将在住房开发中采用更先进的技术。

总之，20 世纪 90 年代是新加坡建屋局大规模扩张和现代化的时期。主要举措包括改善住房质量、扩大购房机会、翻新旧房，以及确保公共住房满足新加坡人不断变化的需求。这十年还为更综合的城镇规划和未来的可持续发展工作奠定了基础，使建屋局能够继续为不断增长的人口提供价格合理的高品质住房。

Between 2000 and 2009, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) of Singapore introduced a range of key initiatives and developments that focused on enhancing the quality of public housing, improving sustainability, and offering more diverse housing choices. These efforts reflected a maturing housing market and the evolving aspirations of Singaporeans. Below are the major initiatives and developments in this period:

1. Building-to-Order (BTO) Scheme (2001)

• Introduction of the BTO System: One of the most significant developments in the 2000s was the launch of the Build-to-Order (BTO) Scheme in 2001. This scheme replaced the previous system of building flats in anticipation of demand. Under the BTO system, flats were only built when there was sufficient demand, based on confirmed bookings by potential buyers.
• Flexibility in Planning: The BTO system allowed HDB to better manage the supply of flats and avoid an over-supply or under-supply of housing units. It also provided flexibility in terms of where flats were built, catering to varying demand levels across different estates.
• Longer Waiting Period: While the BTO system was more efficient in terms of resource use, it meant that potential homeowners had to wait longer—typically 3 to 5 years—for their flats to be completed. However, the system also ensured that flats were built to meet real demand, minimizing waste and controlling public housing supply.

2. Design, Build, and Sell Scheme (DBSS) (2005)

• Public-Private Partnership for Housing: The Design, Build, and Sell Scheme (DBSS), launched in 2005, allowed private developers to design, build, and sell HDB flats at market rates. These flats, while part of the public housing system, were developed with higher-quality finishes and more attractive designs compared to standard HDB flats.
• Increased Housing Variety: The DBSS offered more choices to homebuyers looking for higher-end HDB flats, and it provided an option between traditional HDB flats and private condominiums. Although they were more expensive than regular HDB flats, DBSS flats were still subsidized by the government and eligible for CPF housing grants.

3. Punggol 21 and Punggol 21+ Initiatives

• Development of Punggol as a New Waterfront Town: In the early 2000s, HDB focused on transforming Punggol into a modern, waterfront town under the Punggol 21 vision. This plan aimed to create a "New Generation" HDB town with a waterfront living concept, modern amenities, and extensive green spaces.
• Punggol 21+ (2007): Due to delays and changes in demand, the original plan evolved into Punggol 21+, which was unveiled in 2007. This enhanced plan included the creation of more waterfront homes, better public transport connectivity, and a town center along the Punggol Waterway. Punggol 21+ was a key project that marked HDB's commitment to providing residents with a high-quality living environment, with an emphasis on lifestyle and leisure.

4. HDB Upgrading and Rejuvenation Programs

• Continued Focus on Estate Renewal: In the 2000s, HDB intensified efforts to upgrade and rejuvenate older housing estates, ensuring they kept pace with modern developments. Several key upgrading programs were launched or expanded during this period.
• Home Improvement Program (HIP): Introduced in 2007, the Home Improvement Program (HIP) replaced the earlier Main Upgrading Program (MUP). HIP targeted essential improvements inside the flats, such as bathroom upgrading, the replacement of waste pipes, and enhancements to electrical systems. Residents of older flats built before 1986 were eligible for the program, and it was heavily subsidized by the government.
• Neighbourhood Renewal Program (NRP): The Neighbourhood Renewal Program (NRP), introduced in 2007, focused on common spaces and facilities in older estates. This included the upgrading of parks, playgrounds, and other communal areas, as well as enhancing the estate’s aesthetic appeal. Unlike other upgrading programs, the NRP was fully funded by the government and did not require co-payment from residents.
• Lift Upgrading Program (LUP): The Lift Upgrading Program (LUP), which began in the 1990s, continued to be a major initiative throughout the 2000s. By 2009, significant progress had been made in ensuring that all eligible HDB blocks had lifts that stopped at every floor, enhancing accessibility for the elderly and those with mobility issues.

5. Introduction of Studio Apartments for the Elderly

• Housing for an Aging Population: With Singapore’s population aging, HDB introduced Studio Apartments in 2000, designed specifically for the elderly. These apartments were smaller, affordable, and came with elder-friendly features, such as grab bars, non-slip tiles, and emergency alert systems. Located in mature estates with access to amenities, these flats were designed to allow seniors to live independently but comfortably in a safe environment.
• Lease Terms and Affordability: Studio Apartments were sold on 30-year leases (shorter than the typical 99-year lease) to keep them affordable, and buyers were provided with subsidies to make them even more accessible to lower-income elderly residents.

6. Greater Focus on Environmental Sustainability

• Green Mark Certification for Buildings: In line with Singapore’s sustainability agenda, HDB began incorporating eco-friendly designs and features in its developments in the 2000s. The Green Mark Certification, introduced by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), became a standard for HDB buildings, ensuring that they met energy efficiency, water conservation, and environmental performance benchmarks.
• Sustainable and Green Housing Estates: Several new towns and developments, such as Tengah and Punggol, were designed with sustainability in mind. Features included solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, eco-friendly waste management, and green roofs. The design of HDB estates in the 2000s increasingly focused on providing residents with a healthy, environmentally sustainable living environment.

7. Introduction of the Lease Buyback Scheme (LBS) (2009)

• Enhancing Retirement Options: The Lease Buyback Scheme (LBS) was launched in 2009 as a way for elderly homeowners to unlock the value of their HDB flats. Under the LBS, seniors could sell part of their flat’s lease back to the government in exchange for a lump sum or monthly payouts, while continuing to live in their flat. This initiative was designed to help lower-income elderly residents supplement their retirement income without having to move out of their homes.
• Flexibility for Older Homeowners: The LBS provided flexibility and financial security for elderly residents, allowing them to age in place while benefiting from their home equity.

8. Introduction of the Additional CPF Housing Grant (AHG) (2006)

• Support for Lower- and Middle-Income Families: In 2006, the Additional CPF Housing Grant (AHG) was introduced to further help lower- and middle-income families afford their first HDB flats. This grant provided additional financial support on top of existing subsidies, making HDB flats more accessible to a larger portion of the population.
• Affordability of New and Resale Flats: The AHG could be used for both new BTO flats and resale flats, making it easier for families to enter the property market, regardless of their preferred housing option.

9. Development of New Towns and Expanding Existing Ones

• Towns with Improved Amenities: HDB continued to develop and expand new towns such as Sengkang and Punggol, while older towns like Tampines and Jurong West were also further developed. These towns were designed with comprehensive amenities, including schools, shopping centers, parks, healthcare facilities, and efficient public transport networks.
• Integrated Community Living: HDB’s approach to town planning in the 2000s was more holistic, focusing on creating self-sufficient towns where residents could live, work, and play within the same area. This minimized the need for long commutes and improved residents' quality of life.

10. HDB Flats with Better Design and Quality

• Greater Focus on Design and Aesthetics: In the 2000s, HDB placed a stronger emphasis on improving the design and architectural quality of its flats. This was part of an effort to ensure that public housing could meet the higher expectations of Singaporeans, who were increasingly looking for aesthetically pleasing homes. Many new flats were built with modern facades, larger windows, and more attractive layouts.
• Customizable Flats (Optional Component Scheme): The Optional Component Scheme (OCS) allowed homeowners to customize their flats by choosing from various internal finishings, such as flooring, kitchen cabinets, and doors. This gave residents more flexibility in designing their homes to suit their preferences, without the need for extensive renovations.

2000 年至 2009 年间，新加坡建屋发展局 (HDB) 推出了一系列重要举措和发展，重点是提高公共住房的质量、提高可持续性和提供更多样化的住房选择。这些努力反映了日趋成熟的住房市场和新加坡人不断变化的愿望。以下是这一时期的主要举措和发展：

1. 按订单建造 (BTO) 计划 (2001)

• 引入 BTO 系统：2000 年代最重要的发展之一是 2001 年推出的按订单建造 (BTO) 计划。该计划取代了之前根据需求建造公寓的系统。在 BTO 系统下，只有在需求充足的情况下才会建造公寓，这取决于潜在买家确认的预订情况。

• 规划灵活性：BTO 系统使建屋局能够更好地管理公寓供应，避免住房单元供应过剩或供应不足。它还提供了公寓建造地点的灵活性，以满足不同地区不同的需求水平。

• 更长的等待期：虽然 BTO 系统在资源利用方面更有效率，但这意味着潜在的房主必须等待更长时间（通常为 3 至 5 年）才能完成他们的公寓。然而，该系统还确保公寓的建造能够满足实际需求，最大限度地减少浪费并控制公共住房供应。

2. 设计、建造和销售计划 (DBSS) (2005)

• 住房公私合作伙伴关系：2005 年推出的设计、建造和销售计划 (DBSS) 允许私人开发商以市场价格设计、建造和销售 HDB 公寓。这些公寓虽然是公共住房系统的一部分，但与标准 HDB 公寓相比，其装修质量更高，设计更具吸引力。

• 增加住房种类：DBSS 为寻求高端 HDB 公寓的购房者提供了更多选择，并提供了传统 HDB 公寓和私人公寓之间的选择。尽管它们比普通 HDB 公寓更贵，但 DBSS 公寓仍然受到政府补贴，并有资格获得公积金住房补助。

3. 榜鹅 21 和榜鹅 21+ 计划

• 将榜鹅发展为新的海滨城镇：在 21 世纪初期，HDB 致力于根据榜鹅 21 愿景将榜鹅改造成现代化的海滨城镇。该计划旨在打造一个具有海滨生活理念、现代设施和广阔绿地的“新一代”HDB 城镇。

• 榜鹅 21+（2007 年）：由于延误和需求变化，原计划演变为榜鹅 21+，并于 2007 年公布。这项增强计划包括建造更多滨水住宅、改善公共交通连接以及沿榜鹅水道建造城镇中心。榜鹅 21+ 是一个重要项目，标志着建屋局致力于为居民提供高品质的生活环境，重点是生活方式和休闲。

4. 建屋局升级和复兴计划

• 继续关注房地产更新：21 世纪，建屋局加大力度升级和复兴旧住宅区，确保它们与现代发展保持同步。在此期间，启动或扩展了几个关键的升级计划。

• 家居改善计划 (HIP)：家居改善计划 (HIP) 于 2007 年推出，取代了之前的主要升级计划 (MUP)。 HIP 针对公寓内部进行必要的改进，例如浴室升级、废水管更换和电气系统升级。1986 年之前建造的旧公寓的居民有资格参加该计划，并且该计划由政府提供大量补贴。

• 社区改造计划 (NRP)：2007 年推出的社区改造计划 (NRP) 专注于旧屋的公共空间和设施。这包括公园、游乐场和其他公共区域的升级，以及增强屋苑的审美吸引力。与其他升级计划不同，NRP 由政府全额资助，不需要居民共同支付。

• 电梯升级计划 (LUP)：电梯升级计划 (LUP) 始于 1990 年代，在整个 2000 年代继续成为一项重要举措。截至 2009 年，已取得重大进展，确保所有符合条件的建屋局大厦均设有停在每一层楼的电梯，提高了老年人和行动不便人士的出行便利。

5. 推出老年人单间公寓

• 为老年人提供住房：随着新加坡人口老龄化，建屋局于 2000 年推出了专为老年人设计的单间公寓。这些公寓面积较小、价格实惠，并配有扶手、防滑瓷砖和紧急警报系统等老年人友好型设施。这些公寓位于设施齐全的成熟小区，旨在让老年人在安全的环境中独立而舒适地生活。

• 租赁条款和可负担性：单间公寓的租赁期为 30 年（短于典型的 99 年租赁期），以保持其可负担性，并为买家提供补贴，使低收入老年居民更容易获得这些公寓。

6. 更加注重环境可持续性

• 建筑绿色标志认证：根据新加坡的可持续发展议程，建屋局在 21 世纪开始在其开发项目中融入环保设计和功能。新加坡建筑和建设局 (BCA) 推出的绿色标志认证已成为 HDB 建筑的标准，确保建筑符合节能、节水和环保性能基准。

• 可持续和绿色住宅区：多个新城镇和开发项目（如登加和榜鹅）的设计都考虑到了可持续性。其特色包括太阳能电池板、雨水收集系统、环保废物管理和绿色屋顶。21 世纪的 HDB 住宅区设计越来越注重为居民提供健康、环保的可持续生活环境。

7. 推出租约回购计划 (LBS)（2009 年）

• 增强退休选择：租约回购计划 (LBS) 于 2009 年推出，旨在帮助老年房主释放其 HDB 公寓的价值。根据 LBS，老年人可以将其公寓的部分租约卖回给政府，以换取一次性付款或每月付款，同时继续住在公寓里。这项计划旨在帮助低收入老年居民补充退休收入，而无需搬出家门。

• 为老年房主提供灵活性：LBS 为老年居民提供灵活性和财务保障，使他们能够在原地养老，同时受益于房屋净值。

8. 推出额外的公积金住房补助金 (AHG) (2006)

• 为中低收入家庭提供支持：2006 年，推出了额外的公积金住房补助金 (AHG)，以进一步帮助中低收入家庭负担得起他们的第一套 HDB 公寓。这项补助金在现有补贴的基础上提供了额外的财政支持，使 HDB 公寓更容易被更多人买得起。

• 新建和转售公寓的可负担性：AHG 可用于新建的 BTO 公寓和转售公寓，让家庭更容易进入房地产市场，无论他们喜欢哪种住房选择。

9. 开发新城镇并扩大现有城镇

• 设施更完善的城镇：建屋局继续开发和扩大盛港和榜鹅等新城镇，同时进一步开发淡滨尼和裕廊西等老城镇。这些城镇的设施一应俱全，包括学校、购物中心、公园、医疗设施和高效的公共交通网络。

• 综合社区生活：建屋局在 21 世纪的城镇规划方法更加全面，侧重于创建自给自足的城镇，让居民可以在同一地区生活、工作和娱乐。这最大限度地减少了长途通勤的需要，提高了居民的生活质量。

10. 设计和质量更好的建屋局公寓

• 更加注重设计和美学：在 21 世纪，建屋局更加重视改善其公寓的设计和建筑质量。这是确保公共住房能够满足新加坡人更高期望的努力之一，新加坡人对美观住房的要求越来越高。许多新建10. 设计和质量更好的 HDB 公寓

• 更加注重设计和美观：21 世纪，HDB 更加注重改善其公寓的设计和建筑质量。这是确保公共住房能够满足新加坡人更高期望的努力的一部分，新加坡人越来越追求美观的住房。许多新建的公寓都拥有现代化的外观、更大的窗户和更吸引人的布局。

• 可定制公寓（可选组件方案）：可选组件方案 (OCS) 允许房主通过选择各种内部装修（如地板、厨柜和门）来定制他们的公寓。这让居民可以更灵活地根据自己的喜好设计房屋，而无需进行大规模翻修。

总之，21 世纪标志着 HDB 的创新和现代化时期。BTO 系统、DBSS 和专注于升级旧屋的计划等关键举措反映了 HDB 致力于提供负担得起的高质量住房的承诺。这十年还更加注重可持续性、社区建设和满足老龄化人口的需求，确保新加坡的公共住房制度继续随着居民的愿望和需求而发展。的公寓都拥有现代化的外观、更大的窗户和更吸引人的布局。

Between 2010 and 2019, the Housing & Development Board (HDB) in Singapore implemented numerous key initiatives and developments, focused on affordability, sustainability, smart technologies, and catering to the evolving housing needs of Singaporeans. Below are the major initiatives and developments during this period:

1. Build-to-Order (BTO) System Expansion

• Continuing the BTO Scheme: The BTO system, which was introduced in 2001, continued to be the primary mode of public housing supply throughout the 2010s. To meet rising demand, HDB regularly launched BTO projects in both mature and non-mature estates.
• More Flats in Non-Mature Estates: To make flats more affordable for young families, HDB prioritized building new flats in non-mature estates like Sengkang, Punggol, and Tengah, where prices were generally lower compared to mature estates.

2. Tengah – Singapore’s First "Forest Town"

• Launch of Tengah (2016): HDB launched plans for Tengah in 2016, Singapore’s first new HDB town in over 20 years. Tengah was designed as a "Forest Town" with a focus on sustainability, green living, and smart technologies. The town features five unique districts with biophilic designs, nature corridors, and community spaces that integrate with surrounding greenery.
• Smart and Sustainable Features: Tengah is designed to be a smart town with eco-friendly features such as centralized cooling systems, smart lighting, and extensive use of solar energy. It also promotes green transport with a car-free town center and extensive cycling and walking paths.

3. Smart and Sustainable Housing Initiatives

• Smart Town Framework (2014): HDB unveiled a new Smart Town Framework in 2014 to improve the liveability of HDB estates through smart technologies. This included smart sensors for waste management, real-time monitoring of energy and water consumption, and enhancements to estate maintenance.
• Solar Energy and Green Buildings: HDB continued its push for sustainability with the installation of solar panels on rooftops of HDB flats to reduce energy consumption in common areas. HDB flats were also increasingly designed to meet Green Mark Certification standards for energy and water efficiency.

4. Proximity Housing Grant (PHG) (2015)

• Promoting Family Proximity: The Proximity Housing Grant (PHG) was introduced in 2015 to encourage Singaporeans to live near their parents or children. Homebuyers purchasing resale flats within 4 km of their parents or children received grants of up to SGD 30,000, promoting multi-generational family support and social cohesion.

5. Home Improvement Program (HIP) Expansion

• HIP 1: The Home Improvement Program (HIP), originally launched to upgrade older flats built before 1986, continued throughout the 2010s. This program addressed essential repairs inside flats, such as spalling concrete and plumbing, improving the living conditions of residents in older estates.
• HIP 2 (2018): In 2018, the government announced HIP 2, which targeted flats that were 60 to 70 years old. This second round of upgrading ensured that aging flats remained in good condition, including modernizing bathrooms, replacing water pipes, and other essential maintenance.

6. Voluntary Early Redevelopment Scheme (VERS) (2018)

• Addressing the Aging of HDB Flats: The Voluntary Early Redevelopment Scheme (VERS) was introduced in 2018 as a long-term solution for flats reaching the end of their 99-year leases. Under VERS, residents could vote to sell their flats back to the government before the lease expired, allowing for estate redevelopment. Unlike the Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS), VERS gave residents more control over whether their estates should undergo early redevelopment.

7. Lease Buyback Scheme (LBS) Expansion

• Enhanced Retirement Support for the Elderly: The Lease Buyback Scheme (LBS), introduced in 2009, was expanded in the 2010s to allow more elderly homeowners to sell part of their flat’s lease back to HDB in exchange for retirement income. In 2015, the scheme was extended to include owners of 4-room flats, providing more elderly homeowners with financial flexibility while allowing them to continue living in their homes.

8. Enhanced CPF Housing Grant (EHG) (2019)

• Simplified Housing Grants: In 2019, HDB consolidated various housing grants (such as the Additional CPF Housing Grant and the Special CPF Housing Grant) into a single Enhanced CPF Housing Grant (EHG). The EHG offered greater flexibility and more financial support for first-time homebuyers, with income ceilings raised to ensure more families could benefit.
• Targeted at Affordability: The EHG was available for both new BTO flats and resale flats, ensuring that housing remained affordable for lower- and middle-income Singaporeans.

9. Studio Apartments and Two-Room Flexi Scheme (2015)

• Two-Room Flexi Scheme: In 2015, the Two-Room Flexi Scheme replaced the studio apartment scheme. This scheme offered flexible lease durations ranging from 15 to 99 years, catering to the elderly and those who didn’t need a 99-year lease. The Two-Room Flexi Scheme was designed to meet the needs of retirees, offering affordable housing options with elder-friendly features.
• Elder-Friendly Features: The flats offered under this scheme came equipped with grab bars, non-slip tiles, and other features that catered to senior citizens, making it easier for them to age in place.

10. Design, Build, and Sell Scheme (DBSS) Phase-Out (2012)

• End of the DBSS: The Design, Build, and Sell Scheme (DBSS), which allowed private developers to design and sell public flats at market prices, was phased out in 2012. The scheme was criticized for the high prices of DBSS flats, and the government decided to stop launching new DBSS projects to ensure the affordability of public housing.

11. Bigger Focus on Elderly Housing Options

• Community Care Apartments (2019): HDB began exploring more elderly-friendly housing models, such as the Community Care Apartments, which were designed for seniors requiring assisted living. These flats integrated healthcare services and senior-friendly designs to help elderly residents maintain independence while receiving the care they needed.

12. Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS) Continuation

• Redevelopment of Older Estates: While VERS was introduced as a more gradual redevelopment program, the Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS) continued to be implemented. Under SERS, older flats were compulsorily acquired, and residents were offered compensation and rehousing options in new flats nearby. This helped rejuvenate older estates and optimize land use in land-scarce Singapore.

13. Sustainable Towns and Environmental Innovations

• Punggol as Singapore's First Eco-Town: Punggol continued to evolve into Singapore’s first eco-town, with extensive use of green technologies such as solar energy, rainwater harvesting, and eco-friendly construction methods. Punggol served as a model for future sustainable HDB towns.
• Waterway and Green Spaces: Punggol Waterway was developed as a central feature of the town, promoting waterfront living and recreational spaces. The integration of nature into urban design became a hallmark of newer HDB estates.

14. Lift Upgrading Program (LUP) Completion

• Improved Accessibility: By the early 2010s, the Lift Upgrading Program (LUP), which ensured that lifts in older blocks stopped on every floor, was largely completed. This initiative significantly improved accessibility for elderly and disabled residents living in older HDB blocks.

Conclusion

Between 2010 and 2019, HDB introduced several key initiatives that addressed affordability, the aging population, and the need for sustainability. The decade saw the rise of smart towns, the introduction of Tengah, and the implementation of major programs like VERS, HIP 2, and the EHG. These developments underscored HDB’s commitment to providing affordable, high-quality housing while adapting to changing demographic trends and environmental challenges.

2010 年至 2019 年期间，新加坡建屋发展局 (HDB) 实施了许多重要举措和发展，重点关注可负担性、可持续性、智能技术以及满足新加坡人不断变化的住房需求。以下是这一时期的主要举措和发展：

1. 按订单建造 (BTO) 系统扩展

• 继续实施 BTO 计划：2001 年推出的 BTO 系统在整个 2010 年代仍然是公共住房供应的主要模式。为了满足不断增长的需求，建屋局定期在成熟和非成熟区推出 BTO 项目。

• 非成熟区更多公寓：为了让年轻家庭更能负担得起公寓，建屋局优先在盛港、榜鹅和登加等非成熟区建造新公寓，这些地区的房价通常低于成熟区。

2. 登加——新加坡首个“森林小镇”

• 登加启动（2016 年）：建屋局于 2016 年启动登加计划，这是新加坡 20 多年来首个新建的建屋局小镇。登加被设计为“森林小镇”，重点关注可持续发展、绿色生活和智能技术。小镇拥有五个独特的区域，采用亲生物设计、自然走廊和与周围绿化融为一体的社区空间。

• 智能和可持续功能：登加旨在成为一个智能小镇，具有中央冷却系统、智能照明和大量使用太阳能等环保功能。它还通过无车市中心和广泛的自行车道和步行道来促进绿色交通。

3. 智能和可持续住房计划

• 智能城镇框架（2014 年）：建屋局于 2014 年推出了新的智能城镇框架，旨在通过智能技术提高建屋局庄园的宜居性。其中包括用于废物管理的智能传感器、能源和水消耗的实时监控以及庄园维护的增强。

• 太阳能和绿色建筑：建屋局继续推动可持续发展，在建屋局公寓屋顶安装太阳能电池板，以减少公共区域的能源消耗。建屋局公寓的设计也越来越多地符合绿色标志认证的能源和用水效率标准。

4. 近距离住房补助金 (PHG) (2015)

• 促进家庭近距离居住：近距离住房补助金 (PHG) 于 2015 年推出，旨在鼓励新加坡人住在父母或子女附近。在父母或子女 4 公里范围内购买二手公寓的购房者可获得高达 30,000 新加坡元的补助金，以促进多代家庭支持和社会凝聚力。

5. 家居改善计划 (HIP) 扩展

• HIP 1：家居改善计划 (HIP) 最初是为了升级 1986 年之前建造的旧公寓而推出的，并在整个 2010 年代继续实施。该计划解决了公寓内部的基本维修问题，例如混凝土剥落和管道问题，改善了老旧小区居民的生活条件。

• HIP 2（2018 年）：2018 年，政府宣布了 HIP 2，针对的是 60 至 70 年的公寓。第二轮升级确保老化公寓保持良好状态，包括现代化浴室、更换水管和其他基本维护。

6. 自愿早期重建计划 (VERS)（2018 年）

• 解决 HDB 公寓老化问题：自愿早期重建计划 (VERS) 于 2018 年推出，作为 99 年租约即将到期的公寓的长期解决方案。根据 VERS，居民可以在租约到期前投票将公寓卖回给政府，以便进行小区重建。与选择性整体重建计划（SERS）不同，VERS 让居民更好地控制他们的房产是否应该提前重建。

7. 租约回购计划 (LBS) 扩展

• 加强对老年人的退休支持：租约回购计划 (LBS) 于 2009 年推出，并在 2010 年代得到扩展，允许更多老年房主将其公寓的部分租约卖回给建屋局，以换取退休收入。2015 年，该计划扩大到包括四房式公寓的业主，为更多老年房主提供财务灵活性，同时允许他们继续住在自己的家中。

8. 增强型公积金住房补助金 (EHG) (2019)

• 简化住房补助金：2019 年，建屋局将各种住房补助金（例如额外的公积金住房补助金和特别公积金住房补助金）合并为单一的增强型公积金住房补助金 (EHG)。EHG 为首次购房者提供了更大的灵活性和更多的财务支持，并提高了收入上限，以确保更多家庭能够受益。

• 以可负担性为目标：EHG 适用于新的 BTO 单位和转售单位，确保低收入和中等收入的新加坡人仍然能够负担得起住房。

9. 单间公寓和两室灵活计划（2015 年）

• 两室灵活计划：2015 年，两室灵活计划取代了单间公寓计划。该计划提供灵活的租赁期限，从 15 年到 99 年不等，适合老年人和不需要 99 年租约的人。两室灵活计划旨在满足退休人员的需求，提供具有老年人友好功能的可负担住房选择。

• 老年人友好功能：根据该计划提供的公寓配备了扶手、防滑瓷砖和其他适合老年人的功能，使他们更容易在原地养老。

10. 设计、建造和销售计划 (DBSS) 逐步淘汰 (2012)

• DBSS 结束：设计、建造和销售计划 (DBSS) 允许私人开发商以市场价格设计和出售公共公寓，该计划于 2012 年逐步淘汰。该计划因 DBSS 公寓价格高昂而受到批评，政府决定停止推出新的 DBSS 项目，以确保公共住房的可负担性。

11. 更加关注老年人住房选择

• 社区护理公寓 (2019)：建屋局开始探索更多适合老年人的住房模式，例如专为需要辅助生活的老年人设计的社区护理公寓。这些公寓整合了医疗服务和适合老年人的设计，帮助老年居民在获得所需护理的同时保持独立。

12. 选择性整体重建计划 (SERS) 延续

• 旧区重建：虽然 VERS 是作为一项更为渐进的重建计划推出的，但选择性整体重建计划 (SERS) 仍在继续实施。根据 SERS，旧公寓被强制收购，居民获得补偿，并在附近的新公寓中重新安置。这有助于振兴旧区并优化土地稀缺的新加坡的土地利用。

13. 可持续城镇和环境创新

• 榜鹅作为新加坡第一个生态城镇：榜鹅继续发展成为新加坡第一个生态城镇，广泛使用绿色技术，如太阳能、雨水收集和环保建筑方法。榜鹅是未来可持续 HDB 城镇的典范。

• 水道和绿色空间：榜鹅水道被开发为城镇的中心特色，促进了滨水生活和休闲空间。将自然融入城市设计成为新 HDB 小区的标志。

14. 电梯升级计划 (LUP) 完成

• 改善无障碍设施：到 2010 年代初，电梯升级计划 (LUP) 基本完成，该计划确保旧楼的电梯在每层都停止运行。这项举措大大改善了居住在旧 HDB 小区的老年人和残疾人的无障碍设施。

结论

2010 年至 2019 年期间，HDB 推出了多项关键举措，旨在解决负担能力、人口老龄化和可持续发展需求问题。这十年见证了智慧城镇的崛起、Tengah 的引入以及 VERS、HIP 2 和 EHG 等主要计划的实施。这些发展凸显了 HDB 致力于提供负担得起的高质量住房，同时适应不断变化的人口趋势和环境挑战。

1.      Increased BTO Launches: HDB is ramping up Build-To-Order (BTO) projects in response to strong demand. The government has pledged to build more flats yearly, especially in mature estates like Queenstown, Bukit Merah, and Toa Payoh, while expanding new town areas such as Tengah. Tengah is significant due to its "smart and sustainable" town vision, incorporating green features and digital innovations.

2.      Sustainability Focus: HDB flats are increasingly adopting sustainable technologies. This includes solar panels, centralized cooling systems, and rainwater harvesting systems. Newer projects, particularly in eco-towns like Punggol and Tengah, incorporate features to promote energy efficiency, reduce carbon footprints, and support active mobility (cycling paths, pedestrian walkways).

3.      Prime Location Public Housing (PLH) Model: HDB has introduced the PLH model, which imposes stricter resale restrictions (including longer minimum occupation periods and income ceilings for resale buyers) for flats in prime areas. This aims to balance accessibility to these centrally located homes while keeping them affordable.

4.      HDB Upgrading and Redevelopment: Aging estates are being rejuvenated through initiatives like the Home Improvement Programme (HIP) and the Voluntary Early Redevelopment Scheme (VERS), which aims to redevelop older estates in a phased approach as they approach the end of their 99-year lease.

5.      Shift Toward Hybrid Work Solutions: With more residents working from home, new HDB flats are designed with flexible home office spaces in mind. Public housing developments are also integrating more co-working spaces within precincts to meet changing work patterns.

6.      Digital Transformation: HDB has implemented digital tools such as the HDB Flat Portal and the My HDBPage, streamlining the home-buying process and providing real-time updates on construction progress, financial assessments, and eligibility checks.

Overall, the progress in HDB developments aligns with broader government goals of smart, sustainable living while addressing the needs of a growing, more diverse population.

In Singapore, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) continues to play a crucial role in public housing, offering affordable and quality homes for the majority of Singapore's population. Here's a snapshot of current development progress and trends related to HDB housing:

1. BTO 推出增加：建屋局正在加大按订单建造 (BTO) 项目以应对强劲的需求。政府已承诺每年建造更多公寓，特别是在皇后镇、红山和大巴窑等成熟地区，同时扩大新城镇地区，如登加。登加因其“智能和可持续”的城镇愿景而具有重要意义，融合了绿色特征和数字创新。

2. 可持续发展重点：建屋局公寓越来越多地采用可持续技术。这包括太阳能电池板、中央冷却系统和雨水收集系统。较新的项目，特别是在榜鹅和登加等生态城镇，采用了促进能源效率、减少碳足迹和支持主动出行（自行车道、人行道）的功能。

3. 黄金地段公共住房 (PLH) 模式：建屋局推出了 PLH 模式，对黄金地段的公寓实施更严格的转售限制（包括更长的最低居住期限和转售买家的收入上限）。这旨在平衡这些中心地段住宅的可达性，同时保持其可负担性。

4. 建屋局升级和重建：​​老化的住宅区正在通过诸如家庭改善计划 (HIP) 和自愿早期重建计划 (VERS) 等举措进行翻新，旨在分阶段重建即将结束 99 年租约的老旧住宅区。

5. 转向混合工作解决方案：随着越来越多的居民在家工作，新的建屋局公寓在设计时考虑到了灵活的家庭办公空间。公共住房开发项目也在区域内整合了更多的联合办公空间，以满足不断变化的工作模式。

6. 数字化转型：建屋局已实施了建屋局公寓门户和 My HDBPage 等数字化工具，简化了购房流程，并提供了施工进度、财务评估和资格审查的实时更新。
总体而言，建屋局的发展进程符合政府更广泛的智能、可持续生活目标，同时也满足了日益增长、更加多样化的人口的需求。

 1. Development Progress

Build-To-Order (BTO) Projects: As of 2024, HDB is actively launching new BTO projects across various estates, both mature (e.g., Tampines, Toa Payoh) and non-mature (e.g., Tengah, Sembawang). BTO flats remain the most popular option for new homeowners due to their affordability and government subsidies.

Tengah – A Smart, Eco-Friendly Town: Tengah is a significant new HDB development and Singapore's first "smart" and sustainable town. It features eco-friendly designs, with smart lighting, waste management systems, and large green spaces. It also integrates plans for autonomous vehicles.

Upgrading Projects: HDB continues to carry out upgrading initiatives under the Home Improvement Programme (HIP), enhancing older flats with improvements to structural safety, maintenance, and design. The HIP is also extended to newer estates for selective improvements.

New Designs and Amenities: Recent BTO launches are incorporating features like rooftop gardens, communal spaces, and eco-friendly designs. Some newer projects include smart home features like digital locking systems and energy-saving measures.

2. Trends in HDB Development

Sustainability and Green Living: There is a growing emphasis on sustainability in new HDB developments. This is reflected in energy-efficient systems, urban farming initiatives, and the provision of ample green spaces in new towns like Tengah.

Ageing Population Considerations: With Singapore's ageing population, HDB has introduced flats designed with elderly-friendly features, including more accessible layouts and provisions for mobility aids. Special models like 3Gen flats (designed for multi-generational living) have also gained popularity.

Rising Demand in Mature Estates: There has been a consistent rise in demand for HDB flats in mature estates due to their proximity to amenities like MRT stations, schools, and shopping centers. This has driven higher resale prices in these areas.

Longer Waiting Times for BTOs: Due to supply chain disruptions and construction delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been longer waiting times for BTO flats. As of 2024, this issue is improving but still affecting some projects.

HDB Resale Market Trends: The resale market continues to show high transaction volumes, especially for larger flats (4- and 5-room units). Prices for resale flats have seen steady growth, partly due to high demand in prime locations.

3. Future Outlook

Greater Focus on Prime Locations: The Prime Location Public Housing (PLH) model, which applies to flats in central or prime locations like the Greater Southern Waterfront, has become a significant trend. Under this model, flats come with additional resale restrictions and a longer Minimum Occupation Period (MOP) of 10 years to maintain affordability.

Smart Home Initiatives: As part of Singapore’s "Smart Nation" drive, HDB is introducing more tech-enabled homes, with provisions for digital connectivity, energy monitoring, and other smart solutions to enhance urban living.

Affordability and Grants: HDB continues to provide various grants to ensure that housing remains affordable. These include the Enhanced CPF Housing Grant (EHG), Proximity Housing Grant (PHG), and Family Grant, which allow buyers, especially young couples, to offset the cost of purchasing their homes.

Conclusion:

HDB is progressing steadily in the development of new towns and the upgrading of existing flats. While there have been challenges such as construction delays, HDB continues to meet the demand for affordable housing. Sustainability and smart technology integration are key focuses in shaping future HDB developments.

按订单建造 (BTO) 项目：截至 2024 年，建屋局正在各个社区积极推出新的 BTO 项目，包括成熟社区（例如淡滨尼、大巴窑）和非成熟社区（例如登加、三巴旺）。由于价格实惠且有政府补贴，BTO 公寓仍然是新房主最受欢迎的选择。

登加 – 一个智能、环保的城镇：登加是一个重要的新建屋局开发项目，也是新加坡第一个“智能”和可持续的城镇。它采用环保设计，配备智能照明、废物管理系统和大片绿地。它还整合了自动驾驶汽车的计划。

升级项目：建屋局继续根据家庭改善计划 (HIP) 开展升级计划，通过改善结构安全、维护和设计来改善旧公寓。HIP 还扩展到较新的社区进行选择性改进。

新设计和便利设施：最近推出的 BTO 融合了屋顶花园、公共空间和环保设计等功能。一些较新的项目包括智能家居功能，如数字锁定系统和节能措施。

2. HDB 开发趋势
可持续性和绿色生活：新 HDB 开发项目越来越重视可持续性。这反映在节能系统、城市农业计划以及在 Tengah 等新城镇提供充足的绿地上。

老龄化人口考虑因素：随着新加坡人口老龄化，HDB 推出了具有老年人友好功能的公寓，包括更方便的布局和提供行动辅助设备。3Gen 公寓（专为多代人生活而设计）等特殊模式也越来越受欢迎。

成熟区需求不断增长：由于靠近地铁站、学校和购物中心等便利设施，成熟区对 HDB 公寓的需求持续增长。这推动了这些地区的转售价格上涨。

BTO 的等待时间更长：由于 COVID-19 疫情导致供应链中断和施工延误，BTO 单位的等待时间更长。截至 2024 年，这个问题正在改善，但仍影响一些项目。

HDB 转售市场趋势：转售市场继续显示高交易量，尤其是较大的单位（4 室和 5 室单位）。转售单位的价格稳步增长，部分原因是黄金地段的需求旺盛。

3. 未来展望
更加关注黄金地段：黄金地段公共住房 (PLH) 模式适用于大南部海滨等中心或黄金地段的公寓，已成为一种重要趋势。在这种模式下，公寓有额外的转售限制和更长的 10 年最低入住期 (MOP)，以保持可负担性。

智能家居计划：作为新加坡“智能国家”计划的一部分，建屋局正在推出更多科技型住宅，提供数字连接、能源监控和其他智能解决方案，以改善城市生活。

可负担性和补助金：建屋局继续提供各种补助金，以确保住房价格仍然可负担。这些补助金包括增强型公积金住房补助金 (EHG)、邻近住房补助金 (PHG) 和家庭补助金，这些补助金允许买家（尤其是年轻夫妇）抵消购房成本。

结论：建屋局在新城镇开发和现有公寓升级方面正在稳步推进。尽管存在施工延误等挑战，但建屋局仍在满足对经济适用房的需求。可持续性和智能技术集成是塑造未来建屋局发展的关键重点。