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ART ICONS
Singapore’s vibrant arts and cultural scene reflects its unique blend of
multicultural influences, modernity, and innovation. Over the years, the
country has produced numerous iconic artists, cultural institutions, and
trends that have shaped its identity both locally and globally. Here are
some key art and cultural icons and trends in Singapore:
Art and Cultural Icons in Singapore
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National Gallery Singapore
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Description:
The National Gallery Singapore is one of the country’s premier
art institutions, housing the world’s largest public collection
of Singaporean and Southeast Asian art.
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Significance:
Located in the beautifully restored former Supreme Court and
City Hall buildings, the gallery showcases iconic works by
Singaporean artists like Georgette Chen, Cheong Soo Pieng, and
Liu Kang, alongside contemporary art from the region.
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Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay
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Description:
The Esplanade is Singapore’s premier performing arts center,
often referred to as "The Durian" due to its distinctive spiky
architecture.
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Significance:
It hosts a wide range of performances, from traditional Asian
arts to contemporary music, theater, and dance, making it a
cultural hub for both local and international artists.
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The Singapore Art Museum (SAM)
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Description:
SAM focuses on contemporary art from Singapore and Southeast
Asia, offering exhibitions that explore modern artistic
expressions.
-
Significance:
As a pioneer in contemporary art in the region, SAM plays a
crucial role in promoting innovative art forms and providing a
platform for emerging artists.
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Haw Par Villa
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Description:
Haw Par Villa is an open-air cultural park known for its
colorful statues and dioramas depicting Chinese mythology,
folklore, and Confucian values.
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Significance:
A unique blend of art, history, and culture, Haw Par Villa is an
iconic symbol of Singapore’s Chinese heritage and artistic
expression.
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The Substation
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Description:
Founded in 1990, The Substation was Singapore’s first
independent contemporary arts center, known for its cutting-edge
and experimental art programs.
-
Significance:
Although it closed in 2021, The Substation remains a significant
icon in Singapore’s arts history, having nurtured generations of
artists and cultural practitioners.
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Cultural Districts (Chinatown, Little India, Kampong Glam)
-
Description:
These neighborhoods are cultural icons in themselves, each
representing a different ethnic community’s heritage and
traditions.
-
Significance:
They are living museums where traditional art forms, crafts, and
festivals are preserved and celebrated, attracting both locals
and tourists.
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Iconic Artists
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Georgette Chen:
A pioneer in Singapore’s visual arts, Chen is known for her
impressionistic paintings that capture Singapore’s multicultural
life.
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Iskandar Jalil:
A master potter, Iskandar Jalil is celebrated for his ceramics,
which blend Japanese aesthetics with Malay and Southeast Asian
motifs.
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Tan Swie Hian:
A multidisciplinary artist known for his work in calligraphy,
painting, and sculpture, Tan Swie Hian is one of Singapore’s
most prominent contemporary artists.
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新加坡充满活力的艺术和文化场景反映了其多元文化影响、现代性和创新的独特融合。
多年来，该国培养了众多标志性艺术家、文化机构和趋势，这些都塑造了其在当地和全球的身份。以下是新加坡的一些主要艺术和文化标志和趋势：
新加坡的艺术和文化标志
1.
新加坡国家美术馆
o
描述：新加坡国家美术馆是该国首屈一指的艺术机构之一，拥有世界上最大的新加坡和东南亚艺术公共收藏。
o
意义：美术馆位于经过精心修复的前最高法院和市政厅大楼内，展示了
Georgette Chen、Cheong
Soo Pieng 和
Liu Kang 等新加坡艺术家的标志性作品，以及该地区的当代艺术。
2.
滨海艺术中心
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滨海湾剧院
o
描述：滨海艺术中心是新加坡首屈一指的表演艺术中心，因其独特的尖刺建筑而常被称为“榴莲”。
o
意义：这里举办各种表演，从传统亚洲艺术到当代音乐、戏剧和舞蹈，使其成为本地和国际艺术家的文化中心。
3.
新加坡美术馆
(SAM)
o
描述：SAM
专注于新加坡和东南亚的当代艺术，提供探索现代艺术表现形式的展览。
o
意义：作为该地区当代艺术的先驱，SAM
在推广创新艺术形式和为新兴艺术家提供平台方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
4.
虎豹别墅
o
描述：虎豹别墅是一个露天文化公园，以其描绘中国神话、民间传说和儒家价值观的彩色雕像和立体模型而闻名。
o
意义：虎豹别墅是艺术、历史和文化的独特融合，是新加坡华人传统和艺术表现的标志性象征。
5.
变电站
o
描述：变电站成立于
1990 年，是新加坡第一家独立的当代艺术中心，以其前沿和实验性的艺术项目而闻名。
o
意义：尽管变电站于
2021 年关闭，但它仍然是新加坡艺术史上的重要标志，培养了一代又一代的艺术家和文化从业者。
6.
文化区（牛车水、小印度、甘榜格南）
o
描述：这些街区本身就是文化标志，每个街区都代表着不同族裔社区的遗产和传统。
o
意义：它们是活生生的博物馆，保存和庆祝传统艺术形式、工艺和节日，吸引着当地人和游客。
7.
标志性艺术家
o
Georgette Chen：Georgette
Chen 是新加坡视觉艺术的先驱，以她的印象派绘画而闻名，这些绘画捕捉了新加坡的多元文化生活。
o
伊斯干达·加里尔：伊斯干达·加里尔是一位陶艺大师，他的陶瓷作品融合了日本美学与马来和东南亚图案，因此而广受赞誉。
o
陈瑞献：陈瑞献是一位多学科艺术家，以书法、绘画和雕塑作品而闻名，是新加坡最杰出的当代艺术家之一。
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Cultural Trends in Singapore
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Contemporary Art Movement
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Trend:
Singapore has seen a growing interest in contemporary art, with
increasing numbers of local artists gaining international
recognition.
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Example:
Art fairs like Art Stage Singapore (until 2019) and the
Singapore Biennale have provided platforms for contemporary
artists, fostering a vibrant art scene that challenges
traditional boundaries.
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Street Art and Urban Culture
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Trend:
Street art has gained popularity in areas like Kampong Glam,
with murals and graffiti becoming a form of urban expression.
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Example:
The alleyways of Haji Lane and the walls of Kampong Glam feature
vibrant murals by local and international street artists,
turning the area into an outdoor gallery.
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Fusion of Traditional and Modern Arts
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Trend:
There is a growing trend of blending traditional Asian art forms
with contemporary practices, creating a unique cultural
synthesis.
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Example:
Contemporary dance performances that incorporate elements of
traditional Chinese, Malay, or Indian dance styles, such as
those by Singapore’s T.H.E Dance Company.
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Digital and Media Arts
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Trend:
The rise of digital technology has influenced Singapore’s art
scene, leading to the exploration of new media and interactive
art forms.
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Example:
The Singapore Art Museum and ArtScience Museum frequently
feature exhibitions that combine art with technology, such as
digital installations and immersive experiences.
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Cultural Festivals and Events
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Trend:
Singapore hosts a diverse array of cultural festivals that
highlight its multicultural heritage, attracting global
audiences.
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Example:
The Singapore International Festival of Arts (SIFA) and the
Singapore Writers Festival are major annual events that
celebrate local and international talent in various art forms.
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Rise of Independent and Alternative Art Spaces
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Trend:
In recent years, there has been an increase in independent
galleries and alternative art spaces that support experimental
and non-mainstream art.
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Example:
Galleries like DECK, an independent art space dedicated to
photography, and Intermission Bar, a hybrid space combining art,
food, and music, offer platforms for emerging artists and
alternative cultural expressions.
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Culinary Arts as Cultural Expression
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Trend:
Singapore’s culinary scene has evolved into a form of cultural
expression, with chefs and food artists experimenting with
traditional flavors in innovative ways.
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Example:
The rise of "Mod-Sin" (Modern Singaporean) cuisine, which
reinterprets traditional Singaporean dishes with contemporary
techniques and presentations, reflects this trend.
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Heritage Preservation and Revival
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Trend:
There is a growing emphasis on preserving and reviving
traditional arts and crafts, particularly among younger
generations.
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Example:
Initiatives like The Peranakan Museum and the Malay Heritage
Centre, which focus on preserving and promoting the cultural
heritage of Singapore’s diverse communities.
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Film and Performing Arts
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Trend:
Singapore’s film and performing arts scenes are gaining
recognition, with local productions reaching international
audiences.
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Example:
Films like "Ilo Ilo" by Anthony Chen, which won the Camera d'Or
at the Cannes Film Festival, and theater companies like Wild
Rice, which produce works that reflect Singaporean identity and
social issues.
These art and cultural icons and trends demonstrate Singapore’s dynamic
and evolving cultural landscape, where tradition meets modernity, and
diverse influences come together to create a rich tapestry of artistic
expression.
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新加坡的文化趋势
1.
当代艺术运动
o
趋势：新加坡对当代艺术的兴趣日益浓厚，越来越多的本地艺术家获得了国际认可。
o
例如：艺术博览会（如新加坡艺术舞台，持续至
2019
年）和新加坡双年展为当代艺术家提供了平台，培育出了一个挑战传统界限的充满活力的艺术场景。
2.
街头艺术和城市文化
o
趋势：街头艺术在甘榜格南等地区越来越受欢迎，壁画和涂鸦成为一种城市表达形式。
o
示例：哈芝巷的巷道和甘榜格南的墙壁上挂满了本地和国际街头艺术家创作的生动壁画，将这一区域变成了一个户外画廊。
3.
传统艺术与现代艺术的融合
o
趋势：将传统亚洲艺术形式与当代实践相融合的趋势日益增长，创造出独特的文化综合体。
o
示例：融合了传统中国、马来或印度舞蹈风格元素的当代舞蹈表演，例如新加坡的
T.H.E
舞蹈团的舞蹈表演。
4.
数字和媒体艺术
o
趋势：数字技术的兴起影响了新加坡的艺术界，引发了对新媒体和互动艺术形式的探索。
o
示例：新加坡艺术博物馆和艺术科学博物馆经常举办将艺术与技术相结合的展览，例如数字装置和沉浸式体验。
5.
文化节和活动
o
趋势：新加坡举办了各种各样的文化节，突出了其多元文化遗产，吸引了全球观众。
o
例如：新加坡国际艺术节
(SIFA)
和新加坡作家节是庆祝各种艺术形式的本地和国际人才的年度重大活动。
6.
独立和另类艺术空间的兴起
o
趋势：近年来，独立画廊和另类艺术空间的数量不断增加，它们支持实验性和非主流艺术。
o
示例：DECK
等画廊是一家致力于摄影的独立艺术空间，而
Intermission Bar
是一个融合了艺术、美食和音乐的混合空间，它们为新兴艺术家和另类文化表达提供了平台。
7.
烹饪艺术作为文化表达
o
趋势：新加坡的烹饪界已发展成为一种文化表达形式，厨师和美食艺术家以创新的方式尝试传统风味。
o
示例：“Mod-Sin”（现代新加坡）美食的兴起反映了这一趋势，它以现代技术和展示方式重新诠释了传统的新加坡菜肴。
8.
文化遗产保护和复兴
o
趋势：人们越来越重视保护和复兴传统艺术和手工艺，尤其是年轻一代。
o
例如：土生华人博物馆和马来文化遗产馆等举措，致力于保护和推广新加坡多元社区的文化遗产。
9.
电影和表演艺术
o
趋势：新加坡的电影和表演艺术领域正在获得认可，本地作品正在走向国际观众。
o
例如：陈哲艺执导的《爸妈不在家》等电影获得了戛纳电影节金摄影机奖，而
Wild Rice
等戏剧公司制作的作品反映了新加坡的身份和社会问题。
这些艺术和文化标志和趋势展示了新加坡充满活力和不断发展的文化景观，传统与现代相遇，多种影响汇聚在一起，创造出丰富多彩的艺术表现形式。
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FESTIVALS
Singapore is a vibrant melting pot of cultures, and this diversity is
celebrated through a wide array of multicultural festivals. These
festivals reflect the country's major ethnic groups—Chinese, Malay,
Indian, and Eurasian—each bringing its unique traditions and customs to
the national tapestry. Here are some of the key multicultural festivals
celebrated in Singapore:
1.
Chinese New Year
2.
Hari Raya Puasa (Eid
al-Fitr)
3.
Deepavali (Diwali)
4.
Hari Raya Haji (Eid al-Adha)
5.
Vesak Day
6.
Thaipusam
7.
Mid-Autumn
Festival
8.
Good Friday and
Easter
9.
Christmas
10.
National Day
11.
Pongal
1.
Chinese New Year
When:
January or February (based on the lunar calendar)
Description: Chinese New Year is one of the most important festivals for
the Chinese community. It is marked by family reunions, lion dances, the
giving of red packets (hongbao) for good luck, and festive decorations.
Chinatown becomes especially lively with street bazaars and light-ups.
2.
Hari Raya Puasa (Eid
al-Fitr)
When:
The first day of Shawwal in the Islamic calendar, after Ramadan
Description: Hari Raya Puasa, or Eid al-Fitr,
marks the end of Ramadan, the
Islamic holy month of fasting. Malay Muslims celebrate with
prayers, visiting family and friends, and enjoying traditional Malay
dishes. The Geylang Serai area is known for its vibrant Ramadan bazaar
and festive light-ups.
3.
Deepavali (Diwali)
When:
October or November (based on the Hindu lunar calendar)
Description: Deepavali, the Hindu Festival of Lights, celebrates the
triumph of light over darkness and good over evil. Little India becomes
a hub of activity with colorful street decorations, cultural
performances, and bazaars. Hindus light oil lamps, create rangoli
(decorative patterns on the floor), and visit temples.
4.
Hari Raya Haji (Eid al-Adha)
When:
The 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah in the Islamic calendar
Description: Also known as the Festival of Sacrifice, Hari Raya Haji
commemorates the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son in
obedience to God. The day is marked by prayers, the sacrifice of
livestock (qurban), and distribution of meat to the needy.
5.
Vesak Day
When:
April or May (based on the lunar calendar)
Description: Vesak Day is a significant festival for Buddhists,
commemorating the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha. Devotees
visit temples to offer prayers, participate in candlelight processions,
and engage in acts of charity.
6.
Thaipusam
When:
January or February (based on the Tamil calendar)
Description: Thaipusam is a Hindu festival dedicated to
Lord Murugan. Devotees
express their devotion by carrying kavadis (ornate structures attached
to their bodies with hooks and spikes) in a procession from
Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple to Sri
Thendayuthapani Temple. It’s a visually striking and spiritually
significant event.
7.
Mid-Autumn
Festival
When:
September or October (15th day of the 8th lunar month)
Description: Also known as the Mooncake Festival, this Chinese festival
celebrates the harvest and the full moon. It’s marked by the sharing of
mooncakes, carrying of lanterns, and various cultural performances.
Gardens by the Bay and Chinatown are popular spots to enjoy the
festivities.
8.
Good Friday and
Easter
When:
March or April (based on the Christian calendar)
Description: These Christian holidays are significant for the Eurasian
and Christian communities. Good Friday commemorates the crucifixion of
Jesus Christ, while Easter celebrates his resurrection. Churches hold
special services, and some communities organize Easter egg hunts.
9.
Christmas
When:
December 25th
Description: Christmas is widely celebrated in Singapore, with Orchard
Road famously transformed into a glittering wonderland of lights and
decorations. While it has religious significance for Christians,
Christmas is also a time for festive shopping, gift-giving, and family
gatherings across all communities.
10.
National Day
When:
August 9th
Description: Although not tied to any specific ethnic group, National
Day is a unifying celebration of Singapore’s independence. The day
features a grand parade, fireworks, and various cultural performances
showcasing the country’s multiculturalism.
11.
Pongal
When:
January (in the Tamil month of Thai)
Description: Pongal is a harvest festival celebrated by the Tamil
community. It lasts for four days
and involves boiling the first rice of the season to thank the Sun God
for the harvest. Little India comes alive with festivities,
including traditional music, dance, and the preparation of the Pongal
dish.
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These
festivals highlight the rich cultural heritage of Singapore and the
harmony that exists between its different communities. Each celebration
is an opportunity to experience the unique traditions, food, and customs
that make Singapore a truly multicultural society.
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新加坡是一个充满活力的文化大熔炉，通过各种多元文化节日来庆祝这种多样性。这些节日反映了该国的主要民族——华人、马来人、印度人和欧亚人——每个民族都为国家带来了独特的传统和习俗。
以下是新加坡庆祝的一些主要多元文化节日：
1.
农历新年 - 月或 2
月
2.
开斋节- 伊斯兰，斋月之后的第一天
3.
屠妖节（排灯节）-十月或十一月
4.
哈芝节（宰牲节）- 6th 月
6.
大宝森节 -1 月或 2
月
7.
中秋节-9 月或 10
月（农历 8 月 15
日）
8.
耶稣受难日和复活节-3 月或 4
月
9.
圣诞节 -12 月 25
日
10.
国庆节 ：8 月 9
日
11.
丰收节-1 月
1.
农历新年
农历新年是华人社区最重要的节日之一。它以家庭团聚、舞狮、派发红包（祈求好运）和节日装饰为标志。牛车水因街头集市和亮灯活动而变得特别热闹。
2.
开斋节
伊斯兰历法中的 Shawwal
的第一天，斋月之后
说明：开斋节标志着伊斯兰斋月的结束新年。马来穆斯林会通过祈祷、拜访亲朋好友和享用传统马来菜肴来庆祝。芽笼士乃地区以其热闹的斋月集市和节日灯饰而闻名。
3.
屠妖节（排灯节）
时间：十月或十一月（基于印度教阴历）
说明：屠妖节是印度教的灯节，庆祝光明战胜黑暗、善良战胜邪恶。小印度成为活动中心，街道装饰丰富多彩，有文化表演和集市。印度教徒会点油灯、制作兰戈里（地板上的装饰图案）并参观寺庙。
4.
哈芝节（宰牲节）
时间：伊斯兰历法中的伊斯兰历法中的回历法第 10
天
说明：哈芝节也被称为伊斯兰宰牲节，是为了纪念先知易卜拉欣为了服从上帝而愿意牺牲他的儿子。这一天的庆祝活动包括祈祷、牲畜献祭（qurban）和向有需要的人分发肉类。
5.
卫塞节
时间：4 月或
5 月（基于农历）
说明：卫塞节是佛教徒的重要节日，纪念佛陀的诞生、成道和死亡。信徒们会前往寺庙祈祷、参加烛光游行并从事慈善活动。
6.
大宝森节
时间：1 月或
2 月（基于泰米尔历法）
说明：大宝森节是印度教节日，纪念穆鲁干大神。信徒们通过从斯里尼瓦沙柏鲁马兴都庙游行到斯里丹达乌他帕尼兴都庙，抬着卡瓦迪（用钩子和尖刺固定在身上的华丽结构）来表达他们的虔诚。这是一个视觉上引人注目、精神上意义重大的活动。
7.
中秋节
时间：9 月或
10 月（农历
8 月 15
日）
说明：这个华人社区节日也被称为月饼节，庆祝丰收和满月。人们会分享月饼、提灯笼，并进行各种文化表演。
滨海湾花园和唐人街是享受节日气氛的热门地点。
8.
耶稣受难日和复活节
时间：3 月或
4 月（基于基督教日历）
说明：这些基督教节日对欧亚人和基督教社区来说意义重大。耶稣受难日是为了纪念耶稣基督被钉十字架，而复活节是为了庆祝他的复活。教堂会举行特别仪式，一些社区会组织复活节寻蛋活动。
9.
圣诞节
时间：12 月
25 日
说明：新加坡广泛庆祝圣诞节，乌节路被装点成灯光和装饰的闪闪发光的仙境。圣诞节对基督徒来说具有宗教意义，也是所有社区节日购物、送礼和家庭聚会的节日。
10.
国庆节
时间：8 月 9
日
说明：国庆节虽然与任何特定族群无关，但它是新加坡独立的统一庆祝活动。当天有盛大的游行、烟火表演和各种文化表演，展示该国的多元文化。
11.
丰收节
时间：1 月（泰米尔语中的泰语月份）
说明：丰收节是泰米尔社区庆祝的丰收节。节日持续四天，包括煮当季的第一批米饭以感谢太阳神赐予的丰收。小印度充满了节日的气氛，包括传统音乐、舞蹈和丰收节菜肴的准备。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
这些节日彰显了新加坡丰富的文化遗产以及不同社区之间的和谐。每次庆祝活动都是体验独特传统、美食和习俗的机会，这些使新加坡成为一个真正的多元文化社会。
新加坡的种族和谐有几个关键特征，反映了该国致力于不同种族社区之间的
团结、尊重和相互理解。以下是新加坡种族和谐的特征和一些例子-
包容性政策
–
文化融合--宗教间理解-
社区参与和基层倡议
-教育和意识
学校定期组织文化交流活动，学生可以学习不同族群的风俗、语言和传统，从小培养尊重和理解。
新加坡人庆祝其文化多样性，同时也拥抱超越种族和宗教界限的共同民族认同。
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FOOD
Singapore's rich multicultural heritage is reflected in its local
traditional food, which is a delightful blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian,
and Peranakan influences. Here are some iconic dishes:
1.
Hainanese Chicken Rice
-
Description:
Often considered Singapore’s national dish, Hainanese Chicken Rice
features poached chicken served with fragrant rice cooked in chicken
broth, accompanied by garlic chili sauce, dark soy sauce, and ginger
paste.
-
Influence:
Chinese (Hainanese)
2.
Laksa
-
Description:
A spicy noodle soup made with a rich and creamy coconut milk-based
broth, usually filled with rice noodles, prawns, fish cakes, and
tofu. There are two main types: Katong laksa (a Peranakan variation)
and Penang laksa.
-
Influence:
Peranakan (a mix of Malay and Chinese)
3.
Chili Crab
-
Description:
Fresh crab stir-fried in a semi-thick, sweet, and spicy tomato and
chili-based sauce. It’s typically served with mantou (fried or
steamed buns) to soak up the delicious gravy.
-
Influence:
Chinese
4.
Satay
-
Description:
Grilled skewers of marinated meat (usually chicken, beef, or mutton)
served with a spicy peanut sauce, rice cakes (ketupat), and a side
of cucumber and onion.
-
Influence:
Malay
5.
Nasi Lemak
-
Description:
A fragrant rice dish cooked in coconut milk and pandan leaf,
typically served with sambal (spicy chili paste), fried anchovies,
peanuts, boiled egg, cucumber, and fried chicken or fish.
-
Influence:
Malay
6.
Char Kway Teow
-
Description:
Stir-fried flat rice noodles with prawns, Chinese sausages, eggs,
bean sprouts, and sometimes blood cockles, all tossed in a sweet soy
sauce with chili.
-
Influence:
Chinese (Teochew)
7.
Roti Prata
-
Description:
A South Indian flatbread that is crispy on the outside and soft
inside, typically served with curry or sugar. It can also be filled
with ingredients like egg, cheese, or even ice cream.
-
Influence:
Indian
8.
Hokkien Mee
-
Description:
Stir-fried egg noodles and rice noodles in a fragrant seafood broth
with prawns, squid, eggs, and bean sprouts, garnished with lime and
sambal chili.
-
Influence:
Chinese (Hokkien)
9.
Nasi Padang
-
Description:
Originating from Indonesia’s Padang region, this dish consists of
steamed rice served with a variety of side dishes, including rendang
(slow-cooked beef in coconut milk and spices), sambal goreng (spicy
stir-fried tofu), and sayur lodeh (vegetable curry).
-
Influence:
Malay/Indonesian
10.
Popiah
-
Description:
A fresh spring roll filled with a mix of finely chopped vegetables,
turnips, tofu, shrimp, and sometimes meat, all wrapped in a thin,
soft crepe.
-
Influence:
Chinese (Fujian)
11.
Kaya Toast
-
Description:
A popular breakfast or snack, this dish consists of toasted bread
slathered with kaya (a sweet, creamy spread made from coconut, eggs,
and sugar) and butter, usually served with soft-boiled eggs and kopi
(local coffee).
-
Influence:
Peranakan/Chinese
12.
Mee Rebus
-
Description:
A Malay dish featuring yellow egg noodles in a thick, spicy gravy
made from sweet potato, curry, and peanuts, topped with a boiled
egg, tofu, bean sprouts, and lime.
-
Influence:
Malay
Singapore's traditional food reflects its diverse cultural tapestry,
offering a wide array of flavors and ingredients that celebrate the
city-state's rich culinary heritage.
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新加坡丰富的多元文化遗产体现在其当地传统美食中，这些美食是马来、中国、印度和土生华人影响的完美融合。以下是一些标志性菜肴：
1.
海南鸡饭
•
描述：海南鸡饭通常被认为是新加坡的国菜，其特色是水煮鸡配上在鸡汤中煮熟的香米饭，配以蒜蓉辣椒酱、黑酱油和姜酱。
•
影响：中国（海南菜）
2.
叻沙
•
描述：一种用浓郁的奶油椰奶汤制成的辛辣面汤，通常里面有米粉、虾、鱼饼和豆腐。主要有两种类型：加东叻沙（土生华人变种）和槟城叻沙。
•
影响：土生华人（马来和中国的混合）
3.
辣椒蟹
•
描述：用半浓的甜辣番茄和辣椒酱炒制的新鲜螃蟹。它通常与馒头（煎或蒸的包子）一起食用，以吸收美味的肉汁。
•影响：中国
4.
沙爹
•描述：烤腌肉串（通常是鸡肉、牛肉或羊肉），配以辛辣的花生酱、米糕（ketupat）和黄瓜和洋葱。
•影响：马来
5.
椰浆饭
•描述：用椰奶和香兰叶煮熟的香味米饭，通常与三巴酱（辣椒酱）、炸凤尾鱼、花生、煮鸡蛋、黄瓜和炸鸡或鱼一起食用。
•影响：马来
6.
炒粿条
•描述：用虾、中式香肠、鸡蛋、豆芽，有时还有血蚶炒制的扁米粉，全部用甜酱油和辣椒拌匀。
•
影响：中国（潮州）
7.
印度煎饼
•
描述：一种南印度扁面包，外脆内软，通常搭配咖喱或糖食用。它也可以填充鸡蛋、奶酪甚至冰淇淋等配料。
•
影响：印度
8.
福建面
•
描述：在香气扑鼻的海鲜汤中炒鸡蛋面和米粉，加入虾、鱿鱼、鸡蛋和豆芽，用酸橙和三巴辣椒点缀。
•
影响：中国（福建）
9.
巴东饭
•
描述：这道菜起源于印度尼西亚的巴东地区，由蒸米饭和各种配菜组成，包括仁当（用椰奶和香料慢煮的牛肉）、三巴炒饭（辣炒豆腐）和
sayur lodeh（蔬菜咖喱）。
•
影响：马来/印尼
10.
薄饼
•
描述：新鲜春卷，里面装满切碎的蔬菜、萝卜、豆腐、虾，有时还有肉，全部包裹在薄而软的薄饼中。
•
影响：中国（福建）
11.
咖椰吐司
•
描述：这道菜是一种受欢迎的早餐或小吃，由涂满咖椰（一种由椰子、鸡蛋和糖制成的甜味奶油酱）和黄油的烤面包组成，通常与半熟鸡蛋和
kopi（当地咖啡）一起食用。
•
影响：土生华人/中国
12.
鍋面
•
描述：一种马来菜，以黄色鸡蛋面为主，配以由红薯、咖喱和花生制成的浓稠辛辣肉汁，上面放有煮鸡蛋、豆腐、豆芽和酸橙。
•
影响：马来人
新加坡的传统美食反映了其多元的文化背景，提供各种风味和食材，彰显了这个城市国家丰富的烹饪传统。 |
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Racial harmony in Singapore is
characterized by several key attributes that reflect the nation’s
commitment to unity, respect, and mutual understanding among its diverse
ethnic communities. Here are the attributes and some examples of racial
harmony in Singapore:
Attributes of Racial Harmony in Singapore
Mutual Respect and Tolerance
Description: Singaporeans are encouraged to respect each other’s
cultural, religious, and racial differences. Tolerance is ingrained in
the social fabric, where people of different backgrounds coexist
peacefully.
Example: During religious festivals like Hari Raya, Deepavali, or
Chinese New Year, it’s common for people of different races to visit one
another’s homes, exchange festive greetings, and share in the
celebrations.
Inclusive Policies
Description: The government’s policies are designed to ensure that no
single ethnic group dominates any sector of society, promoting equal
opportunities for all.
Example: The Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) in public housing ensures a
balanced mix of ethnic groups in neighborhoods, fostering everyday
interactions among different races and preventing racial enclaves.
Cultural Integration
Description: Singaporeans celebrate their cultural diversity while also
embracing a shared national identity that transcends ethnic and
religious lines.
Example: National Day parades feature performances that highlight the
country’s multicultural heritage, showcasing traditional dances, music,
and costumes from the various ethnic groups.
Interfaith Understanding
Description: There is a strong emphasis on interfaith dialogue and
cooperation to promote understanding and respect among different
religious groups.
Example: The Inter-Religious Organisation (IRO) regularly organizes
interfaith dialogues and joint prayers, fostering cooperation and mutual
respect among leaders of different religious communities.
Community Engagement and Grassroots Initiatives
Description: Grassroots organizations and community groups play a
crucial role in promoting racial harmony through various initiatives and
programs that encourage interaction among different ethnic groups.
Example: Racial Harmony Day is celebrated in schools and communities
across Singapore, where students and residents participate in activities
that promote understanding and appreciation of different cultures.
Education and Awareness
Description: Education plays a key role in fostering racial harmony,
with a curriculum that emphasizes the importance of multiculturalism and
the dangers of racial discrimination.
Example: Schools regularly organize cultural exchange programs, where
students learn about the customs, languages, and traditions of different
ethnic groups, promoting respect and understanding from a young age.
Peaceful Coexistence
Description: Singaporeans live together peacefully in close proximity,
with minimal racial or religious conflicts, thanks to strong social
norms and legal frameworks that discourage discrimination and promote
harmony.
Example: Multi-religious sites, such as the Loyang Tua Pek Kong Temple,
where a Chinese temple, Hindu shrine, and Muslim kramat coexist in the
same compound, serve as symbols of peaceful coexistence and mutual
respect.
Civic Participation
Description: Active civic participation by citizens from all racial
backgrounds in national events and community activities reinforces the
sense of belonging and collective identity.
Example: The People’s Association (PA) organizes events like cultural
festivals, community service projects, and inter-racial group activities
that bring together residents of different races to work and celebrate
together.
Examples of
Racial Harmony in Singapore
Harmonious Religious Celebrations
Description: During major religious festivals such as Deepavali, Hari
Raya Puasa, and Chinese New Year, it’s common for people from different
communities to participate in or observe the celebrations of others.
Example: During Chinese New Year, it’s common for Malay and Indian
neighbors to join in the festivities, attend open houses, and share
festive meals, while Chinese Singaporeans similarly participate in Hari
Raya and Deepavali celebrations.
Interfaith Prayers and Dialogues
Description: Singapore’s leaders and religious groups regularly come
together for interfaith prayers, especially during times of national
significance or crisis.
Example: In response to global events that could threaten local harmony,
such as the September 11 attacks or the Christchurch mosque shootings,
religious leaders in Singapore have held interfaith prayers and
dialogues to reinforce the message of unity and mutual respect.
Integrated Neighborhoods
Description: Singapore’s public housing estates are deliberately
designed to be racially integrated, with residents from different ethnic
backgrounds living in close proximity.
Example: In a typical HDB estate, it’s common to see Chinese, Malay,
Indian, and Eurasian families living side by side, sharing common spaces
like playgrounds, markets, and community centers, fostering daily
interactions and friendships across racial lines.
Cultural Festivals and Events
Description: Multicultural events are organized regularly to celebrate
the diversity of Singapore’s population.
Example: The Chingay Parade, Singapore’s largest street performance and
float parade, features performers from all ethnic groups, showcasing a
wide array of cultural traditions and artistic expressions in a
colorful, inclusive celebration of Singapore’s diversity.
Civic Initiatives
Description: Grassroots initiatives play a crucial role in promoting
racial harmony through various activities and projects.
Example: Harmony Circles, a grassroots initiative, brings together
residents from different racial and religious backgrounds to discuss
community issues, celebrate diversity, and promote understanding through
regular dialogues and collaborative projects.
Racial Harmony Day
Description: Observed annually on July 21, Racial Harmony Day serves as
a reminder of the importance of maintaining racial harmony in Singapore.
Example: Schools across Singapore organize activities on Racial Harmony
Day, such as cultural performances, ethnic food fairs, and traditional
dress showcases, to educate students about the country’s diverse
heritage and the importance of racial harmony.
These attributes and examples demonstrate how Singapore has successfully
cultivated and maintained racial harmony in a multi-religious,
multicultural context, creating a society where diversity is celebrated
and unity is cherished.
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新加坡的种族和谐有几个关键特征，反映了该国致力于不同种族社区之间的团结、尊重和相互理解。以下是新加坡种族和谐的特征和一些例子：
新加坡种族和谐的特征
相互尊重和宽容
描述：鼓励新加坡人尊重彼此的文化、宗教和种族差异。宽容根植于社会结构中，不同背景的人们和平共处。
示例：在开斋节、屠妖节或农历新年等宗教节日期间，不同种族的人通常会拜访彼此的家，交换节日问候并分享庆祝活动。
包容性政策
描述：政府的政策旨在确保没有任何一个种族群体主导社会的任何领域，促进所有人享有平等的机会。
示例：公共住房中的种族融合政策
(EIP)
确保社区中各种族群体的均衡融合，促进不同种族之间的日常互动，防止种族聚居。
文化融合
描述：新加坡人庆祝其文化多样性，同时也拥抱超越种族和宗教界限的共同民族认同。
示例：国庆游行以突出该国多元文化遗产的表演为特色，展示来自不同民族的传统舞蹈、音乐和服饰。
宗教间理解
描述：强调宗教间对话与合作，以促进不同宗教群体之间的理解和尊重。
示例：宗教间组织
(IRO) 定期组织宗教间对话和联合祈祷，促进不同宗教社区领导人之间的合作和相互尊重。
社区参与和基层倡议
描述：基层组织和社区团体通过各种鼓励不同种族群体之间互动的倡议和计划，在促进种族和谐方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
示例：新加坡各地的学校和社区都会庆祝种族和谐日，学生和居民会参加各种活动，促进对不同文化的理解和欣赏。
教育和意识
描述：教育在促进种族和谐方面发挥着关键作用，其课程强调多元文化的重要性和种族歧视的危险。
示例：学校定期组织文化交流活动，学生可以学习不同族群的风俗、语言和传统，从小培养尊重和理解。
和平共处
描述：新加坡人和平共处，种族或宗教冲突极少，这要归功于强有力的社会规范和法律框架，这些框架阻止了歧视并促进了和谐。
示例：多宗教场所，如洛阳大伯公庙，华人寺庙、印度教神社和穆斯林庙宇共存于同一建筑群中，是和平共处和相互尊重的象征。
公民参与
描述：来自不同种族背景的公民积极参与国家活动和社区活动，增强了归属感和集体认同感。
示例：人民协会
(PA)
组织文化节、社区服务项目和跨种族团体活动等活动，让不同种族的居民聚集在一起工作和庆祝。
新加坡种族和谐的例子
和谐的宗教庆典
描述：在屠妖节、开斋节和农历新年等主要宗教节日期间，来自不同社区的人们通常会参与或观察他人的庆祝活动。
示例：在农历新年期间，马来人和印度邻居通常会参加庆祝活动、参加开放日并分享节日大餐，而新加坡华人同样会参加开斋节和屠妖节庆祝活动。
宗教间祈祷和对话
描述：新加坡的领导人和宗教团体定期聚集在一起进行宗教间祈祷，特别是在国家重大事件或危机时期。
示例：为了应对可能威胁当地和谐的全球事件，例如
9 月
11 日袭击或基督城清真寺枪击事件，新加坡的宗教领袖举行了宗教间祈祷和对话，以强调团结和相互尊重的信息。
融合社区
描述：新加坡的公共住宅区刻意设计为种族融合，来自不同种族背景的居民生活在一起。
示例：在典型的
HDB 住宅区，经常可以看到华人、马来人、印度人和欧亚人家庭并排生活，共享公共空间
文化节庆和活动
描述：定期举办多元文化活动，以庆祝新加坡人口的多样性。
示例：妆艺大游行是新加坡最大的街头表演和花车游行，有来自各个族群的表演者，以丰富多彩、包容的方式庆祝新加坡的多样性，展示各种文化传统和艺术表现形式。
公民倡议
描述：草根倡议通过各种活动和项目在促进种族和谐方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
示例：和谐圈是一项草根倡议，它汇集了来自不同种族和宗教背景的居民，讨论社区问题，庆祝多样性，并通过定期对话和合作项目促进理解。
种族和谐日
描述：每年 7
月
21
日举行的种族和谐日提醒人们保持新加坡种族和谐的重要性。
例如：新加坡各地的学校在种族和谐日举办各种活动，如文化表演、民族食品展销会和传统服饰展示，让学生了解该国的多元文化遗产和种族和谐的重要性。
这些特点和例子表明，新加坡如何在多宗教、多元文化的背景下成功地培育和维持种族和谐，创造了一个赞美多样性、珍视团结的社会。
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Singapore Green
Movement
Singapore
is often referred to as a "City in a Garden," reflecting
its commitment to environmental sustainability and the integration of
nature into urban spaces. Over the years, the government has implemented
various strategies and initiatives to green Singapore and enhance its
natural environment. Here are some key steps taken to achieve this:
1.
Garden City Vision
-
Initiated in:
1967 by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew
-
Objective:
To transform Singapore into a garden city with clean and green
spaces, making it a more pleasant place to live and work.
-
Actions:
-
Extensive tree planting campaigns.
-
Development of parks, roadside greenery, and
green spaces in residential and commercial areas.
-
The establishment of the National Parks Board (NParks)
to oversee and manage greenery in Singapore.
2.
Park Connector Network (PCN)
-
Initiated in:
1991
-
Objective:
To connect major parks, nature reserves, and residential areas with
a network of green corridors.
-
Actions:
-
Creation of over 300 kilometers of park
connectors that allow cyclists, joggers, and pedestrians to
travel between parks.
-
Expansion plans to further link different parts
of the island and provide greater accessibility to green spaces.
3.
Singapore Green Plan 2030
-
Initiated in:
2021
-
Objective:
To outline Singapore’s sustainability targets for the next decade,
with a focus on reducing carbon emissions, enhancing resilience to
climate change, and developing a green economy.
-
Key Initiatives:
-
Increase the planting of one million more trees
across the island by 2030.
-
Expand green spaces by providing every household
with access to a park within a 10-minute walk.
-
Strengthen the green economy by developing green
financing and sustainable business practices.
4.
City in Nature
-
Initiated in:
As part of the Singapore Green Plan 2030
-
Objective:
To further integrate nature into the urban environment, creating a
seamless blend of urban living and greenery.
-
Actions:
-
Transforming Singapore’s parks and gardens into
natural spaces that support biodiversity.
-
Enhancing ecological connectivity by linking
parks with nature ways and park connectors.
-
Incorporating more natural landscapes and
greenery into urban infrastructure, such as rooftop gardens and
green walls.
5.
Nature Conservation Master Plan
-
Initiated in:
2015 by NParks
-
Objective:
To conserve Singapore’s natural heritage and biodiversity through a
science-based approach.
-
Actions:
-
Designation and management of nature reserves and
parks as key habitats for wildlife.
-
Active reforestation and habitat restoration
projects.
-
Biodiversity surveys and research to monitor and
protect endangered species.
6.
Singapore’s Water Management and
ABC Waters Programme
-
Objective:
To transform water bodies into vibrant, clean, and sustainable
spaces that enhance the environment.
-
Actions:
-
Development of the Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC)
Waters Programme, which integrates water bodies with parks and
urban spaces.
-
Design of stormwater management systems that also
serve as green spaces, such as the Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, which
features a naturalized river that reduces flood risk while
providing recreational space.
7.
Green Buildings and Sustainable
Architecture
-
Objective:
To promote sustainable building practices that reduce energy
consumption and environmental impact.
-
Actions:
-
Implementation of the Green Mark certification
scheme by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), which
incentivizes developers to adopt sustainable building designs.
-
Encouraging the incorporation of green roofs,
vertical gardens, and energy-efficient systems in new
developments.
-
The push for Net Zero Energy buildings and the
use of renewable energy sources like solar panels.
8.
Promoting Urban Farming and
Green Spaces
-
Objective:
To increase local food production and create urban green spaces.
-
Actions:
-
Support for urban farming initiatives, including
rooftop farms and community gardens.
-
Encouragement of the development of vertical
farms and hydroponic systems to maximize land use.
-
Development of green spaces within residential
areas to promote community engagement with nature.
9.
Nature Reserves and Protected
Areas
-
Objective:
To safeguard important ecosystems and biodiversity.
-
Actions:
-
Designation of areas such as Bukit Timah Nature
Reserve, Central Catchment Nature Reserve, and Sungei Buloh
Wetland Reserve as protected areas.
-
Conservation efforts for native species and
habitats, including mangroves, rainforests, and coral reefs.
-
Programs to increase awareness and public
participation in conservation efforts.
10.
Environmental Education and
Public Engagement
-
Objective:
To foster a culture of environmental stewardship among Singaporeans.
-
Actions:
-
Educational programs and outreach initiatives by
NParks, schools, and NGOs to raise awareness about conservation
and sustainability.
-
Community involvement in tree planting, clean-up
activities, and wildlife conservation projects.
-
Public campaigns to encourage recycling, waste
reduction, and energy conservation.
These
initiatives and strategies highlight Singapore’s commitment to creating
a sustainable, green, and liveable urban environment while preserving
its natural heritage for future generations.
|
新加坡经常被称为“花园城市”，这反映了其对环境可持续性以及将自然融入城市空间的承诺。多年来，政府实施了各种战略和举措来绿化新加坡并改善其自然环境。
以下是实现这一目标的一些关键步骤：
1.
花园城市愿景
•
发起于：1967
年，由总理李光耀发起
•
目标：将新加坡改造成一个拥有清洁绿色空间的花园城市，使其成为一个更宜居和工作的地方。
•
行动：
o
广泛的植树活动。
o
开发公园、路边绿化以及住宅区和商业区的绿地。
o
成立国家公园局
(NParks) 来监督和管理新加坡的绿化。
2.
公园连接网络
(PCN)
•
发起于：1991
年
•
目标：通过绿色走廊网络连接主要公园、自然保护区和住宅区。
•
行动：
o
建造超过
300 公里的公园连接道，方便骑自行车者、慢跑者和行人在公园之间穿梭。
o
扩建计划将进一步连接岛屿的不同部分，并提供更大的绿色空间可达性。
3.
新加坡绿色计划
2030
•
发起时间：2021
年
•
目标：概述新加坡未来十年的可持续发展目标，重点是减少碳排放、增强对气候变化的适应力和发展绿色经济。
•
关键举措：
o
到
2030 年，在全岛增加
100 万棵树的种植。
o
扩大绿色空间，让每个家庭步行
10 分钟即可到达公园。
o
通过发展绿色融资和可持续商业实践来加强绿色经济。
4.
自然之城
•
发起时间：作为新加坡绿色计划
2030 的一部分
•
目标：将自然进一步融入城市环境，创造城市生活和绿色的无缝融合。
•
行动：
o
将新加坡的公园和花园改造成支持生物多样性的自然空间。
o
通过将公园与自然通道和公园连接处连接起来，增强生态连通性。
o
将更多自然景观和绿化融入城市基础设施，如屋顶花园和绿墙。
5.
自然保护总体规划
•
发起时间：2015
年，由
NParks
发起
•
目标：通过科学方法保护新加坡的自然遗产和生物多样性。
•
行动：
o
将自然保护区和公园指定和管理为野生动物的主要栖息地。
o
积极开展重新造林和栖息地恢复项目。
o
开展生物多样性调查和研究，监测和保护濒危物种。
6.
新加坡的水管理和
ABC
水域计划
•
目标：将水体改造成充满活力、清洁和可持续的空间，以改善环境。
•
行动：
o
开发“活跃、美丽、清洁
(ABC) 水计划”，将水体与公园和城市空间融为一体。
o
设计雨水管理系统，同时兼具绿色空间，例如碧山-宏茂桥公园，该公园拥有一条自然河流，可降低洪水风险，同时提供休闲空间。
7.
绿色建筑和可持续建筑
•
目标：推广可持续建筑实践，减少能源消耗和环境影响。
•
行动：
o
建筑和建设管理局
(BCA)
实施绿色标志认证计划，激励开发商采用可持续建筑设计。
o
鼓励在新开发项目中纳入绿色屋顶、垂直花园和节能系统。
o
推动净零能耗建筑和使用太阳能电池板等可再生能源。
8.
促进城市农业和绿色空间
•
目标：增加当地粮食产量并创造城市绿色空间。
•
行动：
o
支持城市农业计划，包括屋顶农场和社区花园。
o
鼓励开发垂直农场和水培系统，以最大限度地利用土地。
o
在住宅区内开发绿色空间，促进社区与自然的互动。
9.
自然保护区和保护区
•
目标：保护重要的生态系统和生物多样性。
•
行动：
o
将武吉知马自然保护区、中央集水区自然保护区和双溪布洛湿地保护区等地区指定为保护区。
o
保护本土物种和栖息地，包括红树林、雨林和珊瑚礁。
o
提高公众对保护工作的认识和参与的计划。
10.
环境教育和公众参与
•
目标：在新加坡人中培养环境管理文化。
•
行动：
o
国家公园局、学校和非政府组织的教育计划和外展活动，以提高人们对保护和可持续性的认识。
o
社区参与植树、清洁活动和野生动物保护项目。 |
| HDB
Housing in Singapore is unique due to its focus on providing affordable
public housing for the majority of its residents. Price stability and
affordability for public and private housing are hot topics not only for
the government but also for all Singaporeans.
The Housing and
Development Board (HDB) is the public housing management agency in
Singapore. HDB plans and develops residential housing estates in
Singapore; builds houses and renovates towns to create a quality living
environment for all. Provides a variety of commercial, recreational and
social facilities in towns to provide convenience for residents
Historically - HDB was
established on February 1, 1960 when the country was facing a housing
crisis, initially to improve housing sanitation living conditions to
replace slums and crowded shantytowns. Initially, 21,000 housing units
were built in less than 3 years. By 1965, 54,000 housing units had been
built, solving the housing shortage
Singapore's HDB
(Housing and Development Board flats) are large-scale public housing
projects built by the government to provide affordable housing. The
emergence of HDB flats solved Singapore's early housing shortage
problem, and most Singapore residents now live in these HDB flats.
Today, more than 1
million housing units have been built in 24 towns and 3 estates (such as
Yishun Sembawang) across the island. Providing housing for 80% of
Singaporeans, of whom about 90% own their own homes. Providing housing
subsidies and enhancing housing affordability through the CPF scheme.
Key Aspects of Housing in
Singapore:
1.
Public Housing Dominance:
o
About 80% of Singapore’s resident population lives in HDB
flats. These flats are government-subsidized, making them more
affordable than private housing.
o
HDB flats range from 2-room units to larger 5-room flats,
catering to different family sizes and needs.
2.
Private Housing:
o
While HDB flats dominate the market, there are also
private housing options, such as condominiums, landed properties, and
executive condominiums (ECs).
3. Executive condominium:
Private properties are typically more expensive and offer amenities like
swimming pools, gyms, and security.3. Executive Condominium (EC) (35,400
units)
o EC is a type of property between HDB flats and apartments launched by
the Singapore government, which aims to help Singaporeans in the middle
class (household monthly income below S$16,000) own apartments at a
price far below the market price (70-80% of the market price).
o EC can be sold to Singaporeans/permanent residents after 5 years of
living in it, and to foreigners after 10 years.
HDB BTO Scheme:
The Housing and
Development Board (HDB) plays a crucial role in this, particularly
through its Build-To-Order (BTO) scheme.
o
BTO Process: The BTO scheme is the most common way
for Singaporeans to purchase a new HDB flat. Prospective buyers apply
for flats in specific locations before they are built. Construction only
begins when a sufficient number of units have been booked.
o
Affordability: BTO flats are priced below market
rates, making them accessible to first-time homebuyers. Government
grants are also available to lower-income households.
o
Eligibility: To apply for a BTO, buyers must meet
certain criteria, such as citizenship, age, and family nucleus.
o
There are also income ceilings and other restrictions to
ensure that those who need housing most are prioritized. Eg $14,000 per
mth for HDB flats and $16,000 per month for executive condominium.
Indicative HDB
flats and floor areas are
3-Room 65 sq m
4-Room 90 sq m
5-Room 110 sq m
Executive Apartment
125 sq m
Increasingly,
Executive condominium which is a hybrid of public flats build like
private condo and sold by private developers.
HDB
HDB plan and
develop Singapore's townships and housing estates; building homes and
transforming towns to create a quality living environment for all
including commercial, recreational, and social amenities such as parks
and hawker food centers for residents’ convenience.
Established on 1
February 1960 during our nation’s housing crisis, originally to improve
housing sanitary living conditions to replace slums and crowded squatter
settlements. Initially 21,000 flats was built in less than 3 years. By
1965, 54,000 flats was completed to solve the housing problem.
Today, more than 1
million flats have been completed in 24 towns and 3 estates across the
island eg Yishun Sembawang . Providing housing for 80% of Singapore's
resident population, of which about 90% own their home. Housing grants
and subsidies via CPF schemes improve the affordability.
For over 60 years,
HDB continue to improve the housing amenities for the young and growing
population. As population ages, more amenities and accessibility
considerations cater for old people. HDB comes in standard layouts from
1 bedroom to 5 bedrooms. The use of technology such as prefabrication on
large scale also help HDB to deliver more units in shorter time
especially for young people to start their families.
Over time, HDB also
improve the quality and options for purchasers, as well as
new-generation housing with smart features within a sustainable
township.
Besides the brick
and mortar, HDB also try to ensure ethnic mixing in active, cohesive
communities living within the framework of multi-racial societies. Going
forward, this idea is carry out to cover whole of Singapore to
intersperse HDB flats in luxury housing estates to prevent enclave from
forming.
|
新加坡的住房市场非常独特，因为它致力于为大多数居民提供负担得起的公共住房。公共和私人住房的价格稳定性和可负担性不仅是政府而且也是所有新加坡人的热门话题。
建屋发展局
(HDB)
是新加坡的公共住房管理机构。HDB规划和开发新加坡的住宅区；建造房屋和改造城镇，为所有人创造优质的生活环境。在城镇中提供各种商业、娱乐和社会设施，为居民提供便利
从历史来看-建屋局成立于
1960
年
2
月
1
日，当时我国正面临住房危机，最初是为了改善住房卫生生活条件，以取代贫民窟和拥挤的棚户区。最初在不到
3
年的时间内建造了
21,000
套住房。到 1965
年，已建成 54,000
套住房，解决了住房短缺问题
新加坡的组屋（HDB，Housing
and Development Board flats）是政府为了提供可负担住房而修建的大规模公共住房项目。组屋的出现解决了新加坡早期的住房短缺问题，现在大多数新加坡居民都居住在这些组屋中。
如今，全岛
24
个城镇和
3
个庄园（如义顺三巴旺）已建成
100
多万住房住房单位。为新加坡
80%
的居民提供住房，其中约
90%
拥有自己的房屋。通过公积金计划提供的住房补助和提升住房的可负担性。
新加坡住房的主要类型：
1.
公共住房占主导地位：
o
新加坡约
80%
的居民居住在 HDB公共住房中。这些公共住房由政府补贴，因此比私人住房更实惠。
o
HDB
公共住房从
2
房单位到更大的
5
房单位不等，可满足不同家庭规模和需求。
2.
私人公寓/住宅：(410,000
units)
o
虽然 HDB
公共住房占据市场主导地位，但也有私人公寓选择，例如高层
公寓、优质独立式住宅,有地房产和执行共管公寓
(EC)。
o
私人公寓通常更贵，并提供游泳池、健身房和保安等设施。
3.
执行共管公寓
EC ( 35,400 units)
o
是新加坡政府推出的一种介于组屋与公寓之间的物业品种，旨在帮助处于夹心层（家庭月收入低于
16,000
新币）的新加坡人以远低于市场价
(
市场价的
70-80%)
的价格拥有公寓。
o
EC
在自住
5
年之后可以卖给新加坡人
/
永久居民， 10
年后可以卖给外国人。
HDB BTO
计划：
BTO
计划是新加坡人购买新 HDB公共住房的最常见方式。潜在买家在特定地点的公共住房建成之前就申请购买。只有当预订的单位数量足够时，才会开始建设。
建屋发展局
(HDB)
在这方面发挥着至关重要的作用，特别是通过其按订单建造
(BTO)
计划。
o
可负担性：BTO
公共住房的价格低于市场价格，首次购房者也可以购买。政府还向低收入家庭提供补助。
o
资格：要申请
BTO，买家必须满足某些条件，例如公民身份、年龄和家庭核心。
o
还有收入上限和其他限制，以确保优先考虑最需要住房的人。例如，
HDB公共住房每月
14,000
美元，执行共管公寓每月
16,000
美元。
HDB
单位和建筑面积为
3
室
65
平方米
4
室
90
平方米
5
室
110
平方米
行政公寓
125
平方米
HDB
HDB
规划和开发新加坡的城镇和住宅区；建造房屋和改造城镇，为所有人创造优质的生活环境，包括商业、娱乐和社会设施，如公园和小贩中心，以方便居民。
60
多年来，从一开始建屋局不断为年轻和不断增长的人口改善住房设施。随着人口老龄化，更多的便利设施和无障碍设施都是为了满足老年人的需求。HDB
的标准公共住房从
1
间卧室到 5
间卧室不等。大规模使用预制等技术也有助于 HDB
在更短的时间内提供更多单元，尤其是为年轻人建立家庭。
随着时间的推移，HDB
还提高了购买者的质量和选择，并在可持续的城镇内提供具有智能功能的新一代住房。
除了砖瓦之外，HDB
还试图确保在多种族社会框架内生活在活跃、有凝聚力的社区中的种族融合。展望未来，这个想法将覆盖整个新加坡，将
HDB
单位散布在豪华住宅区中，以防止形成飞地。 |
|
Resorts World Sentosa
and Universal Studios Singapore are major attractions located on
Sentosa Island in Singapore. They offer a range of experiences and
activities, catering to various interests and ages. Here’s an overview
of the key attractions at each:
Resorts World Sentosa
Resorts World Sentosa
is a large integrated resort complex that includes hotels, a casino,
theme parks, and a variety of dining and entertainment options. Key
attractions within the resort include:
1.
Universal Studios Singapore
o
Description:
This popular theme park features a range of thrilling rides, shows, and
attractions based on popular movies and TV shows.
o
Major Attractions:
§
Transformers The Ride: The Ultimate 3D Battle:
A high-tech 3D dark ride featuring popular Transformers characters.
§
Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure:
A water ride that takes you through a prehistoric jungle with
animatronic dinosaurs.
§
Battlestar Galactica:
A pair of dueling roller coasters themed around the popular sci-fi
series.
§
Hollywood Dreams Parade:
A lively parade featuring characters and floats from various Universal
Studios franchises.
2.
S.E.A. Aquarium
o
Description:
One of the world’s largest aquariums, the S.E.A. Aquarium showcases
marine life from various ocean habitats.
o
Major Exhibits:
§
Ocean Gallery:
Features a massive viewing panel that offers a panoramic view of the
underwater world.
§
Shark Seas:
Home to various shark species and a transparent tunnel for close-up
views.
§
Straits of Southeast Asia:
Displays marine life from the region’s waters, including colorful coral
reefs and unique fish species.
3.
Adventure Cove Waterpark
o
Description:
A water theme park with various water slides, a lazy river, and
interactive water play areas.
o
Major Attractions:
§
Dueling Racer:
A competitive slide where you race your friends to the bottom.
§
Rainbow Reef:
An immersive snorkeling experience with colorful marine life.
§
Bluwater Bay:
A wave pool that simulates ocean waves.
4.
Resorts World Sentosa Casino
o
Description:
A large casino offering a range of gaming options, including table games
and slot machines.
o
Features:
Features a luxurious and elegant gaming environment with various
entertainment options.
5.
Gourmet Dining and Shopping
o
Description:
The resort offers a wide range of dining options, from celebrity chef
restaurants to casual eateries, and a variety of shops.
o
Highlights:
Includes renowned dining establishments like Joel Robuchon, Din Tai
Fung, and many others.
6.
Hotels and Resorts
o
Description:
Resorts World Sentosa includes several luxury hotels and resorts, such
as the Hard Rock Hotel, Hotel Michael, and the Equarius Hotel.
o
Features:
Each hotel offers unique amenities, including themed rooms, luxurious
spas, and exclusive pools.
Both Resorts World
Sentosa and Universal Studios Singapore offer a rich array of
experiences for visitors, combining entertainment, dining, and unique
attractions to create a memorable experience.
|
圣淘沙名胜世界和新加坡环球影城是位于新加坡圣淘沙岛的主要景点。它们提供各种体验和活动，满足不同兴趣和年龄的游客。以下是每个主要景点的概述：
圣淘沙名胜世界
圣淘沙名胜世界是一个大型综合度假村，包括酒店、赌场、主题公园以及各种餐饮和娱乐选择。度假村内的主要景点包括：
1.
新加坡环球影城
o
描述：这个受欢迎的主题公园拥有一系列基于热门电影和电视节目的惊险游乐设施、表演和景点。
o
主要景点：
变形金刚骑行：终极 3D
战斗：以流行的变形金刚角色为特色的高科技
3D 黑暗骑行。
侏罗纪公园激流冒险：带您穿越史前丛林的水上游乐设施，其中有电子动画恐龙。
太空堡垒卡拉狄加：一对以流行科幻系列为主题的决斗过山车。
好莱坞梦幻大游行：一场热闹的游行，以来自环球影城各大特许经营权的人物和花车为特色。
2.
S.E.A.
水族馆
o
描述：S.E.A.
水族馆是世界上最大的水族馆之一，展示了来自不同海洋栖息地的海洋生物。
o
主要展品：
海洋画廊：设有一个巨大的观景板，可欣赏海底世界的全景。
鲨鱼海：各种鲨鱼物种的家园，以及一个透明的隧道，可近距离观看。
东南亚海峡：展示该地区水域的海洋生物，包括色彩缤纷的珊瑚礁和独特的鱼类。
3.
探险湾水上乐园
o
描述：一个水上主题公园，有各种水滑梯、漂流河和互动式水上游乐区。
o
主要景点：
决斗赛车：一个竞争性的滑梯，您可以和朋友们比赛到水底。
彩虹礁：沉浸式浮潜体验，体验色彩缤纷的海洋生物。
Bluwater Bay：模拟海浪的波浪池。
4.
圣淘沙名胜世界赌场
o
描述：大型赌场，提供各种游戏选择，包括桌上游戏和老虎机。
o
特色：拥有豪华典雅的游戏环境和各种娱乐选择。
5.
美食餐饮和购物
o
描述：度假村提供各种餐饮选择，从名厨餐厅到休闲餐馆，以及各种商店。
o
亮点：包括
Joel Robuchon、鼎泰丰等知名餐饮场所。
6.
酒店和度假村
o
描述：圣淘沙名胜世界包括多家豪华酒店和度假村，如
Hard Rock 酒店、Michael
酒店和
Equarius 酒店。
o
特色：每家酒店都提供独特的设施，包括主题客房、豪华水疗中心和专属游泳池。
圣淘沙名胜世界和新加坡环球影城均为游客提供丰富的体验，结合娱乐、餐饮和独特的景点，打造难忘的体验
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Universal Studios Singapore
Universal Studios
Singapore
is a major theme park within Resorts World Sentosa, offering a range of
attractions based on Universal Pictures' films and television shows. Key
features of the park include:
1.
Themed Zones
o
Hollywood:
Features a replica of Hollywood Boulevard with themed shops, dining
options, and street performances.
o
New
York:
Represents a bustling New York City with iconic landmarks and
attractions.
o
Sci-Fi City:
A futuristic area with rides like the Battlestar Galactica coasters and
Transformers The Ride.
o
Ancient Egypt:
Themed around ancient Egyptian culture, including the thrilling Revenge
of the Mummy ride.
o
Jurassic Park:
Features the Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure and other dino-themed
attractions.
o
Far
Far Away:
Based on the Shrek films, this area includes the Shrek 4-D adventure and
the Magic Potion Spin.
2.
Thrill Rides and Attractions
o
Transformers The Ride: The Ultimate 3D Battle:
A 3D motion simulator ride that immerses you in a battle between the
Autobots and Decepticons.
o
Battlestar Galactica:
A pair of thrilling roller coasters themed around the popular TV series.
o
Revenge of the Mummy:
An indoor roller coaster with special effects and a thrilling storyline
based on the Mummy films.
3.
Shows and Entertainment
o
WaterWorld:
A live-action stunt show featuring explosive water-based stunts and
special effects.
o
Shrek 4-D Adventure:
A 4-D movie experience that brings the world of Shrek to life with added
sensory effects.
o
Universal Parade:
A colorful parade featuring characters from various Universal
franchises.
4.
Dining and Shopping
o
Dining:
The park offers various dining options, from themed eateries to casual
food stalls, including restaurants like Mel's Drive-In and the Oasis
Spice Café.
o
Shopping:
There are numerous shops selling themed merchandise, collectibles, and
souvenirs based on the park’s attractions and characters.
Both Resorts World
Sentosa and Universal Studios Singapore offer a rich array of
experiences for visitors, combining entertainment, dining, and unique
attractions to create a memorable experience.
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新加坡环球影城
新加坡环球影城是圣淘沙名胜世界内的一个主要主题公园，提供一系列基于环球影业电影和电视节目的景点。公园的主要特色包括：
1.
主题区
o
好莱坞：好莱坞大道的复制品，有主题商店、餐饮场所和街头表演。
o
纽约：代表繁华的纽约市，有标志性地标和景点。
o
科幻城：未来主义区域，有太空堡垒卡拉狄加过山车和变形金刚过山车等游乐设施。
o
古埃及：以古埃及文化为主题，包括惊心动魄的木乃伊复仇之旅。
o 侏罗纪公园：侏罗纪公园急流探险和其他恐龙主题景点。
o
遥远王国：以《怪物史莱克》电影为基础，该区域包括怪物史莱克
4-D 冒险和魔法药水旋转。
2.
惊险刺激的游乐设施和景点
o
变形金刚过山车：终极 3D
战斗：3D
运动模拟器游乐设施，让您沉浸在汽车人和霸天虎之间的战斗中。
o
太空堡垒卡拉狄加：以热门电视剧为主题的一对惊险过山车。
o
木乃伊复仇记：一款室内过山车，配有特效和惊险故事情节，以木乃伊电影为背景。
3.
表演和娱乐
o
水世界：一场真人特技表演，以爆炸性的水上特技和特效为特色。
o
怪物史莱克
4-D 冒险：4-D
电影体验，通过附加的感官效果将怪物史莱克的世界带入现实。
o
环球游行：一场丰富多彩的游行，以来自环球影城各个特许经营权的角色为特色。
4.
餐饮和购物
o
餐饮：公园提供各种餐饮选择，从主题餐厅到休闲食品摊位，包括
Mel's Drive-In
和 Oasis Spice
Café 等餐厅。
o
购物：公园内有许多商店出售以公园景点和角色为主题的商品、收藏品和纪念品。
圣淘沙名胜世界和新加坡环球影城均为游客提供丰富的体验，结合娱乐、餐饮和独特的景点，打造难忘的体验
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Marina Bay Sands.
One of the most
popular tourist attractions in Singapore is Marina Bay Sands.
This iconic integrated resort is famous for its distinctive
architecture, featuring three towering hotel structures topped by a
massive SkyPark that resembles a ship. Marina Bay Sands offers a range
of attractions, including:
Key Highlights of Marina Bay Sands
1.
SkyPark Observation Deck
o
Description:
The SkyPark, located 57 stories above ground, offers breathtaking
panoramic views of Singapore’s skyline, the Marina Bay area, and beyond.
It’s one of the best spots to take in the city’s beauty, especially
during sunset or at night when the city lights up.
o
Features:
Visitors can enjoy the infinity pool (accessible only to hotel guests),
rooftop restaurants, and observation areas.
2.
ArtScience Museum
o
Description:
This iconic lotus-shaped building is a hub for art, science, and
technology exhibitions. It hosts rotating exhibitions that often combine
innovative technology with artistic expression.
o
Popular Exhibitions:
Previous exhibitions have included Future World, a digital art
installation, and interactive exhibitions on topics like space
exploration and sustainability.
3.
The
Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands
o
Description:
This luxury shopping mall is home to numerous high-end international
brands, fine dining restaurants, and the unique Sampan Rides, where
visitors can take a leisurely boat ride along the indoor canal.
o
Features:
The mall also hosts an array of fine dining options, helmed by celebrity
chefs, making it a destination for food lovers.
4.
Marina Bay Sands Casino
o
Description:
The casino at Marina Bay Sands is one of the largest in the world,
offering a wide range of gaming options, including table games, slot
machines, and electronic gaming machines.
o
Note:
Entry to the casino is free for foreigners, but Singaporean citizens and
permanent residents are required to pay an entry levy.
5.
Spectra – A Light & Water Show
o
Description:
This free outdoor light and water show takes place nightly at the Event
Plaza, located along the promenade of Marina Bay Sands.
o
Features:
The show combines water effects, music, and colorful lights to create a
mesmerizing spectacle that tells the story of Singapore’s journey.
6.
Events and Concerts
o
Description:
Marina Bay Sands is also a major venue for concerts, theater
performances, and international events. The Sands Theatre regularly
hosts Broadway musicals, concerts, and other live performances.
o
Notable Events:
Major events like the Singapore Grand Prix after-parties and art
exhibitions often take place here.
7.
Marina Bay Sands Hotel
o
Description:
Staying at the Marina Bay Sands Hotel is a luxurious experience,
offering unparalleled views, top-notch amenities, and access to the
world-famous infinity pool.
o
Rooms: The
hotel offers a variety of rooms and suites, many with stunning views of
the city or Gardens by the Bay.
Nearby Attractions
-
Gardens by the Bay:
Just a short walk from Marina Bay Sands, this futuristic garden
complex features the Supertree Grove, Cloud Forest, and Flower Dome,
all of which are must-visit attractions.
-
Merlion Park:
Located across the bay, this park is home to the iconic Merlion
statue, a symbol of Singapore.
-
Singapore Flyer:
This giant observation wheel offers another way to take in the
stunning views of the city and Marina Bay.
Marina Bay Sands,
with its blend of luxury, entertainment, and stunning architecture,
remains a top destination for tourists visiting Singapore, offering a
comprehensive experience that showcases the city’s modernity and
vibrancy.
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新加坡最受欢迎的旅游景点之一是滨海湾金沙。这个标志性的综合度假村以其独特的建筑而闻名，拥有三座高耸的酒店建筑，顶部是一个巨大的空中花园，形似一艘船。滨海湾金沙提供一系列景点，包括：
滨海湾金沙的主要亮点
空中花园观景台
描述：空中花园位于地面以上
57
层，可欣赏新加坡天际线、滨海湾地区及周边地区的壮丽全景。它是欣赏城市美景的最佳地点之一，尤其是在日落或城市灯火通明的夜晚。
特色：游客可以享受无边泳池（仅对酒店客人开放）、屋顶餐厅和观景区。
艺术科学博物馆
描述：这座标志性的莲花形建筑是艺术、科学和技术展览的中心。它举办轮流展览，通常将创新技术与艺术表现相结合。
热门展览：之前的展览包括未来世界、数字艺术装置以及太空探索和可持续发展等主题的互动展览。
滨海湾金沙购物中心
描述：这家豪华购物中心拥有众多高端国际品牌、高级餐厅和独特的
Sampan Rides，游客可以悠闲地乘船沿着室内运河游览。
特色：购物中心还提供由名厨掌舵的一系列高级餐饮选择，使其成为美食爱好者的目的地。
滨海湾金沙赌场
描述：滨海湾金沙的赌场是世界上最大的赌场之一，提供各种游戏选择，包括桌上游戏、老虎机和电子游戏机。
注意：外国人可以免费进入赌场，但新加坡公民和永久居民需要支付入场费。
Spectra -
灯光和水秀
描述：这个免费的户外灯光和水秀每晚在滨海湾金沙长廊沿线的活动广场举行。
特色：该表演结合了水效果、音乐和五彩缤纷的灯光，创造了一场讲述新加坡之旅的迷人奇观。
活动和音乐会
描述：滨海湾金沙也是音乐会、戏剧表演和国际活动的主要场地。金沙剧院定期举办百老汇音乐剧、音乐会和其他现场表演。
值得注意的事件：新加坡大奖赛后的派对和艺术展览等重大活动经常在这里举行。
滨海湾金沙酒店
描述：入住滨海湾金沙酒店是一种奢华的体验，提供无与伦比的景色、一流的设施以及世界著名的无边泳池的使用权。
客房：酒店提供各种客房和套房，许多客房和套房享有城市或滨海湾花园的壮丽景色。
附近的景点
滨海湾花园：距离滨海湾金沙仅几步之遥，这个未来主义的花园建筑群拥有擎天树林、云雾林和花穹，所有这些都是必游景点。
鱼尾狮公园：位于海湾对面，这座公园内有标志性的鱼尾狮雕像，它是新加坡的象征。
新加坡摩天观景轮：这座巨大的摩天轮为您提供了另一种方式来欣赏城市和滨海湾的壮丽景色。
滨海湾金沙酒店融合了奢华、娱乐和令人惊叹的建筑，仍然是新加坡游客的首选目的地，提供展示城市现代化和活力的全面体验。
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HISTORY OF SINGAPORE
Singapore’s history didn’t begin in 1819 when Stamford Raffles made
footfall on the island.
On 28 January 1819, Stamford Raffles and his entourage landed on an
island that was home to some 1,000 Chinese, Malay and orang laut (“sea
people” in Malay). Soon after their arrival, they met Temenggong Abdul
Rahman, the local chief in Singapore, and Tengku Long – eldest son of
the late sultan of the Johor-Riau-Lingga empire – who was later
installed by the British as Singapore’s first sultan, Hussein Mohamed
Shah.
Along with a formal
ceremony and banquet, a treaty was signed on 6 February 1819 allowing
the British East India Company (EIC) to set up a trading post on the
island.1 Conventional narrative looks back to this day as the beginning
of modern Singapore.
A treaty signed on 6 February 1819 between Stamford Raffles and the
Malay chiefs. with the signatures of Raffles, Sultan Hussein Shah and
Temenggong Abdul Rahman. Courtesy of National Museum of Singapore,
National Heritage Board.
Wa Hakim, then 15 years old, was one of the orang laut who was present
on the day the British arrived. Already an old man in his 80s, he shared
his recollection of what transpired on that day:
“I remembered the boat landing in the morning. There were two white men
and a Sepoy on it. When they landed, they went straight to the
Temenggong’s house. Tuan Raffles was there, he was a short man… Tuan
Farquhar was there; he was taller than Tuan Raffles and he wore a
helmet. The Sepoy carried a musket. They were entertained by the
Temenggong and he gave them rambutans and all kinds of fruit… Tuan
Raffles went into the centre of the house. About 4 o’clock in the
afternoon, they came out and went on board again.”
But the story of Singapore goes back much further. The island as it was
700 years ago in fact shares a number of similarities with today’s
cosmopolitan city-state. In the 14th century, Singapore was already a
centre for a vast trading network and actively engaged in commerce with
neighbouring ports and regions. Commodities such as hornbill casques and
lakawood (a type of aromatic wood used as incense) were exported from
Singapore, or Temasek, as it was known then.
Archaeological finds provide evidence that early Singapore imported
ceramic wares from China, along with other products from around the
region. Singapore also traces a royal lineage that has its roots in the
13th century, beginning with a prince from Palembang, Sri Tri Buana
(also known as Sang Nila Utama), and ending when the last king, Iskandar
Shah, fled to Malacca, following a scandal involving the daughter of a
royal minister and an invasion by Majapahit forces from Java.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Singapore was already a
city of considerable stature centuries even before Raffles set foot
here. Hundreds of years before modern Singapore came to be, the island
was already firmly embedded in a wider regional web and frequently
engaged with powers and political entities well beyond its immediate
borders.
Yet, it is undeniable that Raffles and his deputy William Farquhar,
along with the machinery of the colonial administration, played an
instrumental role in furthering Singapore’s rise into a bustling
port-city, and by extension, the global city we know today. The year
1819, therefore, marks the beginning of a journey that resulted in the
eventual blossoming of a cosmopolitan and independent republic.
Two hundred years after that fateful day, we can reflect on our history
and heritage and the elements that contributed to the Singaporean
identity and spirit as we know it today. A series of setbacks that
threatened to pronounce the demise of the island at various stages of
its post-1819 history, such as the devastation of World War II, the exit
of the British, the merger with the Federation of Malaya and then
separation from Malaysia, have become inextricably woven into a
narrative that speaks of ever-resolute tenacity.
Linkages and Connectivity
A confluence of regional and international factors contributed to the
rise of Temasek as a port in the 14th century. Under the Song dynasty,
Chinese trade with Southeast Asia grew between the 12th and 13th
centuries. The new trade policies reduced reliance on a single main
entrepôt – Srivijaya in Palembang – in the Malacca Strait and encouraged
the rise of numerous autonomous port-polities in the region that engaged
directly with China.
At the end of the 13th century, the aforementioned Palembang prince Sri
Tri Buana was on an expedition in Bentan (Bintan) when he spotted the
white sandy coast of Temasek from a distance. He decided to relocate
here and rename the island Singapura.5 We know something of Temasek’s
life, trade, people and culture from sources such as the 14th-century
Daoyi Zhilue (岛夷志略; A Description of the Barbarians of the Isles), a
collection of accounts from Yuan dynasty Chinese traveller and trader
Wang Dayuan (汪大渊), and Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), a 17th-century
Jawi work that traces the history and genealogy of the Malay kings of
the Malacca Sultanate.
Interestingly, almost everything we know of Singapore from this period
of its history comes from textual sources beyond its shores – all of
which point to early Singapore as being part of a much wider sphere and
sustained by trade.
Similarly, the establishment of modern Singapore in the early 19th
century had very much to do with its position as a strategic location
for trade. Lying at an important crossroad along the East-West trade
route between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, the Malacca
Strait was the key passageway through which the markets of the Indian
subcontinent, and the Middle East and beyond gained access to China,
Southeast Asia and Australasia.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
As the Dutch held sway
over much of Southeast Asia at the time and controlled the seaways
through which EIC ships had to pass, Raffles saw the need for the
company to secure a port for itself along the India-China trade route.
In 1818, Raffles described the problem in a letter to his superiors in
the EIC:
“The Dutch possess the only passes through which ships must sail into
the Archipelago, the straits of Sunda and Malacca; and the British have
now not an inch of ground to stand upon between the Cape of Good Hope
and China, nor a single friendly port at which they can water and obtain
refreshment.”
Singapore was a rich prize because of its location. Soon after the
British arrived, the value of the island’s entrepôt trade rose to almost
40 percent of its total commerce. Colonial Singapore became inextricably
linked by trade – through the free flow of goods, people and ideas – to
the larger world.
As Singapore’s soil was unable to support large-scale agriculture, and
sustained only a small population at the point of Raffles’ arrival, the
young settlement became reliant on its hinterland for essential
resources. People were also needed to enable the port to thrive. By
1821, the population in Singapore had grown to 5,000, many of whom were
Malaccans who had followed William Farquhar when he moved here to become
Resident of Singapore (he was previously Resident of Malacca). In
addition, the EIC brought prisoners from India to build local
infrastructure. Therefore, diverse peoples from around the region and
beyond came together in a collective effort to bring life to modern
Singapore.
The British East India Company brought prisoners from India to Singapore
to build the settlement’s early infrastructure. One of the prisoners’
early tasks included transporting soil from Pearl’s Hill and Bras Basah
as landfill for the marshy area that would become the commercial hub of
Singapore. Courtesy of National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage
Board.
The heavy reliance on trade, however, meant that the fortunes of
Singapore were inevitably susceptible to larger economic developments
beyond its shores. At the turn of the 20th century, the adverse impact
on the local economy caused by volatile commodity prices, notably
rubber, illustrated the danger of being heavily dependent on the world
market.
Trade continued to play a major factor in Singapore’s revenue even after
independence, and remains a vital part of the economy today. Upon
becoming an independent nation in 1965 and losing Malaysia as a
hinterland, the government turned its attention from regional trade to a
more global perspective. To embed itself in the international market,
Singapore began establishing stronger communication links and more
seamless transportation networks.
Today, as one of the world’s most trade-dependent nations, Singapore
continues to seek new ways to stay relevant in the global market and
remain connected with the rest of the world. This often explains its
ambition to punch above its weight in order to entrench itself in the
global community.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Resilience and
Enterprise
As mentioned earlier, when Farquhar announced he was moving to Singapore
to set up a new British settlement, thousands of Malaccan men left their
homes to start a new life here, despite Dutch attempts to stop the mass
migration. Among the motley group of traders, peddlers, carpenters,
labourers and other workers were a number who quickly rose to become
prominent businessmen: in the words of Raffles’ Malay scribe Abdullah
bin Abdul Kadir – better known as Munshi Abdullah who published his
autobiography, Hikayat Abdullah (Stories of Abdullah), in 1849 – Malacca
fell into a “drought” while Singapore experienced “the rain of plenty”.
In his book, Munshi Abdullah describes the rapid transformations that
took place in the first few years of the settlement:
“I am astonished to see how markedly our world is changing. A new world
is being created, the old world destroyed. The very jungle becomes a
settled district while elsewhere a settlement reverts to jungle. These
things show us how the world and its pleasures are but transitory
experiences, like something borrowed which has to be returned whenever
the owner comes to demand it.”
The men who came with Farquhar were determined to carve out a better
life for themselves, seizing the opportunity to start afresh under the
British. In the decades that followed, the colony continued to witness
the arrival of tens of thousands of Chinese migrants in search of better
opportunities: by 1897, there were 200,000 inhabitants in Singapore.
Among them was the great-grandfather of the man who was to become the
first prime minister of independent Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew.
Many of these migrants worked as coolies, trishaw riders and shop
owners, and toiled away to send whatever money they could back to their
families in China. Since these workers were often men, Singapore soon
faced a gender imbalance, which was mitigated in the 1900s by a surge in
Chinese female migrants. Among these women were hardy samsui labourers,
who worked in tin mines and construction sites, and amahs (domestic
servants).These women were just as determined as the men to eke out a
living.
Singapore became a place of opportunity and new beginnings: while these
migrants laboured to send most of their hard-earned wages to their
families back home, they also seized the fresh start that the island
offered to build a new life.
While still tied by birth to the lands they came from, the new arrivals
were also invested in building new lives in Singapore, and – when they
started families of their own here – to building a better life for their
children. The latter decades of the 1800s to early 1990s saw a reform in
education, with more government-operated English schools, as well as
ethnic communities taking greater ownership in providing vernacular
education.
New Chinese, Tamil and Muslim-Malay schools were established, teaching a
more updated curriculum in their respective ethnic languages. However,
the better jobs still went to English-educated locals. Still, Asians of
any calibre invariably faced a ceiling when it came to their career
advancement: in 1912, the British Empire officially barred non-Europeans
from assuming senior roles in public administration.
As these issues of discrimination brewed, locals began to ponder over
the idea of nationalism, and what it meant for Singapore, whose
population comprised mainly migrants who hailed from different
countries. Eunos Abdullah, the first Malay Legislative Councillor, spoke
up against a colonial administrative system that favoured foreigners
over locals, and argued for greater education and career opportunities
for “sons of the soil”, a term he gave to the Malays. He saw Malays as
collectively belonging to the nation, and rejected the idea of any
allegiance to the local sultan.
Likewise, the Straits Chinese community also faced the dilemma of
remaining loyal to a distant and increasingly politically unstable
China, or declaring allegiance to Singapore and a British administration
in which their career opportunities were curtailed.
The early 1900s saw people in Singapore becoming more disillusioned by
their lowly status under the British. With this disgruntlement began a
dialogue about what nationalism meant in a colony of diverse peoples.
The dialogue was to continue for decades afterwards.
With the devastation of World War II in Singapore – and the failure of
the British Empire in protecting Singapore – came further questions
about nationalism and independence. Britain surrendered and the locals
were left to face the brutality of the Japanese. Literature that hinted
of the suffering of war, anti-Japanese sentiments and expressions about
nationalism appeared in newspapers, such as the poems of the local Malay
poet Masuri S. N.
Anti-Japanese resistance movements also took root, the chief example
being the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) created by the
Malayan Communist Party. In the wake of the failure of the colonial
government to protect Singapore, people had no choice but to hold their
ground alone.
The Japanese surrendered in 1945 and the British returned. They were in
for a rude shock; instead of the warm reception they were expecting,
what they saw resounding in the streets of Singapore was a cry for
freedom or “merdeka” among English-educated locals. Their calls for
independence were met with strong support from the other communities.
Having been left to fend for themselves and endure the atrocities of
war, the people of Singapore now knew that they could not count on a
foreign government for their security and prosperity. They began to have
a newfound confidence, driven by the disappointment of being abandoned
during the war. They now desired to be freed from the masters who had
proven themselves unworthy.
Yet with the abrupt
arrival of independence in 1965, a massive burden was thrust upon the
new government led by the People’s Action Party. How the first
generation of leaders laid the foundations of what Singapore has become
today is a whole other story of its own, complete with its fair share of
moral courage, enterprise and resilience against a backdrop of struggle
and turbulence.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Diversity and
Differences
Whether in colonial, independent or early Singapore, a diverse, migrant
population has always characterised the island-city. In Daoyi Zhilue,
Wang Dayuan notes that Chinese people lived alongside orang laut natives
at Longyamen (“Dragon’s Tooth Strait”; most likely referring to the
waterway between Sentosa and Labrador Point), where ships called for
trade. Later, the Malaccan immigrants who came with Farquhar largely
comprised Indians and Straits Chinese.
In 1822, Raffles, dissatisfied with the way Farquhar had developed the
settlement, instructed assistant engineer Philip Jackson to draw up a
plan for the town of Singapore. Titled “Plan of the Town of Singapore”
(more commonly known as Raffles Town Plan or Jackson Plan), the
blueprint demarcated living spaces and organised the island’s layout
according to ethnic communities. Hence, the diverse population was
segregated rather than united, with different neighbourhoods laid out
for the Chinese, Malays, Bugis and Indians, as well as a dedicated
European Town by the Singapore River.
Each ethnic group retained its distinct culture and livelihood, and
continued speaking its native language or dialect. Because the groups
were kept separate, there was minimal interaction and little need to
negotiate differences in the pursuit of unity. As already mentioned, the
idea of a distinct Singaporean nationhood and the question of national
identity only began to take shape around the 1900s, as Asian locals
became better educated and increasingly dissatisfied with their lot.
By 1833, “Chinese, Malays, Bugis, Javanese, Balinese, natives of Bengal
and Madras, Parsees, Arabs, and Caffrees [Africans]” could all be found
in Singapore, as a great variety of ships sailed into its protected
harbour.26 The story of Singapore as a thriving port city in Asia is
“the story of multi-racial communities and networks”.
In the earlier decades of the 20th century, The Malaya Tribune received
much support as the newspaper that expressed the voices of the local
communities. Readers and contributors often discussed ideas of
nationhood and belonging, and of their role in Singapore.
As Chinese and Indian workers continued to stream into Malaya in search
of work, questions of who were the rightful sons and heirs of the
Malayan land (was it open to all races who claimed Malaya as their home,
or were only the Malays eligible?), and whether it was appropriate to
maintain ties with one’s country of origin, were debated in the Tribune.
One lawyer wrote in the newspaper: “No matter what their nationality is,
they [the local-born] should be proud to be called Sons of Malaya as
much as Sons of other Countries.”
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Identity and Unity
In light of the increasing dissatisfaction with the colonial
administration, a sense of collectiveness among the locals began
simmering: what was the significance of their living together, and how
were these dwellers to distinguish themselves through their sense of
belonging to this island? If these migrants of diverse backgrounds
considered this land as their home, how should they be united in order
to be set apart?
As much as these issues lingered in people’s minds, they only remained
abstract concepts until the British left and a united Malaya – and
later, a united Singapore – was born. When Malayans were left to govern
themselves, free of their colonial masters, the questions of identity
and unity became more pertinent than ever. These questions now needed
answers, and the answers would come to impact the everyday lives of the
people.
Questions of racial identities and citizenship featured prominently in
the negotiations leading to Singapore’s merger with the Federation of
Malaya in September 1963. While part of the Federation, tensions ran
high as Singapore’s Chinese-dominant People’s Action Party (PAP)
directly contested the ruling United Malays National Organisation (UMNO),
which sought to protect Malay interests. As a result, riots broke out in
Singapore between Chinese and Malay factions in 1964.29 Even after
Singapore and Malaysia went their separate ways and Singapore gained
independence in 1965, the racial divide within the island’s boundaries
presented the PAP government with the daunting task of managing these
racial tensions and forging a common Singaporean identity.
On 9 August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an
independent and sovereign state. Singapore’s union with Malaysia had
lasted for less than 23 months.
The ruling party’s stand was clear: equal treatment across ethnic
groups, and integration rather than separation. English, a “neutral”
language among the main ethnic groups, was to be the language of
business as well as of inter-racial communication in Singapore. English
was hence taught alongside ethnicity-based mother tongue languages, in
line with the government’s bilingualism policy.
By 1987, all schools used English as the primary medium of instruction –
bringing the curtain down on ethnic-based vernacular schools – with
Chinese, Malay and Tamil taught as second languages.
A trans-cultural Singaporean identity and business practicality took
precedence over one’s ethnicity, with the government envisioning that
racial differences would give way to a sense of collective nationhood.
Concrete policy steps were taken: in stark contrast to the racially
segregated clusters that Raffles mandated, the PAP set ethnic quotas in
public housing estates in 1989, ensuring that every such estate and
block of flats housed families of different races.32 This move made
clear the government’s stand against the formation of communal enclaves:
in the PAP’s opinion, the key to harmony was not to keep diverse peoples
apart, but to bring them together.
Since Singapore’s earliest days as an entrepôt 700 years ago, diversity
has been a constant. Singapore has always been a city of migrants, who
brought with them trade,
|
新加坡的历史
新加坡的历史并非始于 1819 年斯坦福·莱佛士登陆该岛之时。1819 年
1 月 28 日，斯坦福·莱佛士及其随行人员登上一座岛屿，岛上居住着大约 1,000 名华人、马来人和 orang laut（马来语中的“海人”）。抵达后不久，他们遇到了新加坡当地酋长
Temenggong Abdul Rahman 和柔佛-廖内-林加帝国已故苏丹的长子 Tengku
Long，后者后来被英国人任命为新加坡第一任苏丹 Hussein Mohamed Shah。
1819 年 2 月 6
日，除了正式的仪式和宴会外，双方还签署了一项条约，允许英国东印度公司 (EIC) 在岛上设立贸易站。1 传统叙事将这一天视为现代新加坡的开端。
1819 年 2 月 6
日，斯坦福莱佛士与马来酋长签署的条约。莱佛士、苏丹侯赛因沙和天猛公阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼都签署了这份条约。图片由新加坡国家博物馆、国家遗产局提供。
当时 15 岁的 Wa Hakim 是英国人抵达当天在场的 orang laut 之一。这位已经 80
多岁的老人分享了他对当天发生的事情的回忆：“我记得早上有船靠岸。船上有两个白人和一个印度士兵。他们一靠岸，就直接去了天猛公的房子。Tuan
Raffles 在那里，他个子不高……Tuan Farquhar 在那里；他比 Tuan Raffles
高，戴着头盔。印度士兵带着一把火枪。他们受到了天猛公的款待，天猛公给了他们红毛丹和各种水果…… 莱佛士走进了房子中央。下午 4
点左右，他们出来并再次登上了船。”
但新加坡的故事可以追溯到更早。事实上，700 年前的新加坡与今天的国际化城邦有许多相似之处。在 14
世纪，新加坡已经是一个庞大贸易网络的中心，并积极与邻近港口和地区开展贸易。新加坡（当时称为淡马锡）出口犀鸟盔和拉卡木（一种用作熏香的芳香木）等商品。
考古发现证明，早期新加坡从中国进口陶瓷制品，以及来自该地区的其他产品。新加坡的皇室血统也可追溯到 13 世纪，起源于巨港的王子 Sri Tri
Buana（又名 Sang Nila Utama），结束于最后一位国王 Iskandar Shah
逃往马六甲，原因是发生了一起涉及王室大臣女儿的丑闻以及爪哇的满者伯夷军队入侵。
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
早在莱佛士踏足新加坡之前几个世纪，新加坡就已经是一座颇具规模的城市。在现代新加坡诞生的数百年前，这个岛屿就已经牢牢地嵌入了更广泛的区域网络中，并经常与其边界以外的权力和政治实体打交道。
然而，不可否认的是，莱佛士和他的副手威廉·法夸尔以及殖民政府机构在推动新加坡崛起为一个繁华的港口城市，以及我们今天所知道的全球城市方面发挥了重要作用。因此，1819
年标志着一段旅程的开始，最终导致一个国际化和独立的共和国的繁荣。
在那决定性的日子过去两百年后，我们可以反思我们的历史和传统，以及促成我们今天所知的新加坡身份和精神的因素。 1819
年后，一系列挫折曾威胁着该岛的灭亡，例如第二次世界大战的破坏、英国的退出、与马来亚联邦的合并以及随后与马来西亚的分离，这些挫折已密不可分地交织在一起，成为讲述坚定不移的坚韧的叙述。
联系和连通性
区域和国际因素的汇合促成了淡马锡在 14 世纪成为港口。在宋朝，中国与东南亚的贸易在 12 至 13
世纪之间增长。新的贸易政策减少了对马六甲海峡单一主要转口港——巨港的室利佛逝——的依赖，并鼓励该地区许多与中国直接接触的自治港口政体的崛起。
13 世纪末，上述巨港王子 Sri Tri Buana 在民丹 (Bintan) 探险时，远远地发现了淡马锡 (Temasek)
的白色沙滩。他决定搬到这里，并将该岛重新命名为新加坡拉 (Singapura)。5 我们从 14 世纪的《岛夷志略》 (Daoyi Zhilue;
A Description of the Barbarians of the Isles)
等资料中了解到淡马锡的生活、贸易、人民和文化，这是元朝中国旅行家和商人汪大渊 (Wang Dauan) 的记述集，以及 17
世纪的爪夷文书《马来纪年》，其中追溯了马六甲苏丹国马来国王的历史和家谱。
有趣的是，我们对新加坡这段历史的了解几乎都来自其海岸以外的文本资料——所有这些都表明早期的新加坡是一个更广阔领域的一部分，并靠贸易维持。
同样，现代新加坡在 19
世纪初的建立也与其作为贸易战略要地的地位息息相关。马六甲海峡位于南中国海和印度洋之间东西贸易路线的重要十字路口，是印度次大陆、中东及其他地区市场通往中国、东南亚和澳大利亚的关键通道。
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
由于当时荷兰控制着东南亚大部分地区，并控制着东印度公司船只必须通过的航道，莱佛士认为该公司需要在印度-中国贸易路线上为自己建立一个港口。1818
年，莱佛士在写给东印度公司上级的一封信中描述了这个问题：
“荷兰人拥有船只进入群岛的唯一通道，即巽他海峡和马六甲海峡；而英国人现在在好望角和中国之间没有一寸土地可以立足，也没有一个友好的港口可以供他们饮水和补充能量。”
新加坡因其地理位置而成为一笔丰厚的奖励。英国人抵达后不久，该岛的转口贸易价值上升到其总贸易额的近
40%。殖民地新加坡通过贸易——通过商品、人员和思想的自由流动——与更广阔的世界密不可分。
由于新加坡的土壤无法支持大规模农业，而且在莱佛士抵达时只能维持少量人口，因此这个年轻的定居点开始依赖其腹地获取基本资源。港口的繁荣也需要人力。到
1821 年，新加坡的人口已增长到 5,000 人，其中许多人是马六甲人，他们跟随威廉·法夸尔 (William Farquhar)
移居新加坡成为居民（他之前是马六甲居民）。此外，东印度公司还从印度带来了囚犯来建设当地的基础设施。因此，来自该地区及其他地区的不同民族齐心协力，共同努力为现代新加坡带来生机。
英国东印度公司将囚犯从印度带到新加坡，为定居点建设早期的基础设施。囚犯的早期任务之一包括将珍珠山和勿拉士峇沙的土壤运往沼泽地填埋，该沼泽地后来成为新加坡的商业中心。图片由新加坡国家博物馆和国家遗产局提供。
然而，对贸易的严重依赖意味着新加坡的命运不可避免地会受到海外经济发展的影响。20
世纪初，大宗商品价格波动（尤其是橡胶）对当地经济造成的不利影响表明，过度依赖世界市场存在危险。
即使在独立后，贸易仍然是新加坡收入的主要因素，至今仍是经济的重要组成部分。1965
年独立后，新加坡政府失去了马来西亚作为腹地，政府将注意力从区域贸易转向了更全球化的视角。为了融入国际市场，新加坡开始建立更强大的通信联系和更无缝的交通网络。
今天，作为世界上最依赖贸易的国家之一，新加坡继续寻求新的方式，以保持在全球市场的相关性并与世界其他国家保持联系。这通常解释了它为了在全球社会中站稳脚跟而超越自身能力的雄心。
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坚韧不拔和进取心
如前所述，当法夸尔宣布他将前往新加坡建立新的英国殖民地时，尽管荷兰人试图阻止大规模移民，但成千上万的马六甲男子还是离开家园，在这里开始新生活。在这群商人、小贩、木匠、劳工和其他工人中，有一部分人迅速崛起，成为著名商人：用莱佛士的马来抄写员阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒·卡迪尔（Abdullah
bin Abdul Kadir，以蒙西·阿卜杜拉（Munshi Abdullah）更为人所知，他于 1849
年出版了自传《阿卜杜拉的故事》（Hikayat
Abdullah））的话来说，马六甲陷入了“干旱”，而新加坡则经历了“丰雨”。蒙西·阿卜杜拉在他的书中描述了殖民地最初几年发生的快速变化：
“我很惊讶地看到我们的世界发生了如此显著的变化。一个新世界正在被创造，旧世界正在被摧毁。丛林变成了定居区，而其他地方的定居点又恢复为丛林。这些事情向我们展示了世界及其乐趣不过是短暂的体验，就像借来的东西，无论何时主人来找它，都必须归还。”
和法夸尔一起来的人决心为自己创造更好的生活，抓住机会在英国统治下重新开始。在随后的几十年里，殖民地继续见证着成千上万的中国移民为了寻找更好的机会而到来：到
1897 年，新加坡已有 20 万居民。其中包括后来成为独立新加坡第一任总理的李光耀的曾祖父。
这些移民中的许多人做过苦力、三轮车夫和店主，辛苦工作，把他们能赚到的钱寄回中国的家人。由于这些工人通常是男性，新加坡很快就面临着性别失衡的问题，直到
20
世纪，随着中国女性移民的激增，这一问题才得到缓解。这些女性中包括坚韧的“三水”劳工，她们在锡矿和建筑工地工作，还有阿妈（家佣）。这些女性和男性一样，决心要谋生。
新加坡成为一个充满机遇和新起点的地方：这些移民一边努力工作，将辛苦挣来的工资大部分寄给家乡的家人，一边抓住这个岛屿提供的新起点，开始新生活。
虽然新移民仍然与自己的出生地紧密相连，但他们也致力于在新加坡建立新生活，当他们在这里建立自己的家庭时，他们也致力于为子女创造更好的生活。19
世纪后期到 20 世纪 90 年代初，新加坡的教育进行了改革，政府经营的英语学校增多，少数民族社区在提供本地语言教育方面也发挥了更大的作用。
建立了新的中文、泰米尔语和穆斯林-马来语学校，以各自的民族语言教授更新的课程。然而，更好的工作仍然给了受过英语教育的当地人。尽管如此，无论什么水平的亚洲人都不可避免地面临着一个瓶颈在职业发展方面：1912
年，大英帝国正式禁止非欧洲人担任公共行政高级职务。
随着这些歧视问题的酝酿，当地人开始思考民族主义的概念，以及它对新加坡的意义，新加坡的人口主要由来自不同国家的移民组成。第一位马来立法议员
Eunos Abdullah
反对偏袒外国人而非当地人的殖民行政制度，并主张为“土生子”提供更多的教育和职业机会，这是他给马来人起的绰号。他认为马来人是国家的集体成员，拒绝效忠当地苏丹。
同样，海峡华人社区也面临着一个困境：是继续效忠遥远且政治日益不稳定的中国，还是宣布效忠新加坡和英国政府，而他们的职业机会在这种政府中受到限制。
20
世纪初，新加坡人民对英国统治下的卑微地位感到越来越失望。这种不满情绪引发了一场关于民族主义在一个多元民族的殖民地意味着什么的对话。这场对话在之后的几十年里一直持续着。
随着第二次世界大战对新加坡的破坏——以及英国帝国未能保护新加坡——民族主义和独立的问题进一步凸显。英国投降，当地人不得不面对日本人的残酷行径。报纸上出现了暗示战争苦难、反日情绪和民族主义表达的文学作品，例如当地马来诗人
Masuri S. N. 的诗歌。
反日抵抗运动也扎根，主要例子是马来亚共产党创建的马来亚人民抗日军 (MPAJA)。在殖民政府未能保护新加坡之后，人们别无选择，只能独自坚守阵地。
日本于 1945
年投降，英国人重返新加坡。他们大吃一惊；他们没有期待受到热烈欢迎，而是看到新加坡街头响起的，是受英语教育的当地人对自由或“独立”的呼声。他们的独立呼吁得到了其他社区的大力支持。
新加坡人民不得不自谋生路，忍受战争的残酷，现在他们知道，他们不能指望外国政府来保障他们的安全和繁荣。他们开始有了新的信心，这种信心的驱动力来自于战争期间被抛弃的失望。他们现在渴望摆脱那些已经证明自己不配的主人。
然而，随着 1965 年独立的突然到来，人民行动党领导的新政府背上了沉重的负担。第一代领导人如何为新加坡今天的发展奠定基础，这是另一个问题
然而，随着 1965
年新加坡的突然独立，人民行动党领导的新政府肩负了沉重的负担。第一代领导人如何为新加坡奠定了如今的基础，这又是另一个故事，他们在奋斗和动荡的背景下展现了相当多的道德勇气、进取心和韧性。
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多样性与差异
无论是在殖民地时期、独立时期还是早期的新加坡，多样化的移民人口一直是这个岛城的一大特色。汪大元在《岛义志略》中指出，中国人与原住民龙牙门（“龙牙海峡”；很可能是指圣淘沙和拉柏多角之间的水道）一起生活，船只在此进行贸易。后来，与法夸尔一起来到马六甲的移民主要由印度人和海峡华人组成。
1822
年，莱佛士对法夸尔开发定居点的方式感到不满，指示助理工程师菲利普·杰克逊为新加坡城镇起草一份规划。这份蓝图名为“新加坡城镇规划”（通常称为莱佛士城镇规划或杰克逊规划），划分了居住空间，并根据族群社区组织了岛屿的布局。因此，多元的人口被隔离而不是团结起来，华人、马来人、武吉人和印度人被划分为不同的社区，新加坡河畔则建有一座专门的欧洲城。
每个族群都保留了自己独特的文化和生活方式，并继续使用自己的母语或方言。由于各个群体被隔离，因此几乎没有互动，也不需要为了追求团结而协商分歧。如前所述，新加坡独特的民族观念和民族认同问题直到
20 世纪初才开始形成，当时亚洲当地人的教育水平越来越高，对自己的命运越来越不满。
到 1833 年，“华人、马来人、布吉人、爪哇人、巴厘岛人、孟加拉和马德拉斯土著人、帕西人、阿拉伯人和卡弗里人
[非洲人]”都可以在新加坡找到，各种各样的船只驶入其受保护的港口。26 新加坡作为亚洲繁荣的港口城市的故事是“多种族社区和网络的故事”。
在 20
世纪早期，《马来亚论坛报》作为一份表达当地社区声音的报纸得到了大力支持。读者和投稿人经常讨论民族和归属感的观念，以及他们在新加坡的角色。
随着华裔和印度裔工人不断涌入马来亚寻找工作，谁是马来亚土地的合法子嗣和继承人（是否向所有声称马来亚是自己家园的种族开放，还是只有马来人才有资格？），以及是否应该与自己的祖国保持联系，这些问题在《论坛报》上引起了争论。一位律师在报纸上写道：“无论国籍如何，他们（本地出生的人）都应该为被称为马来亚子嗣和其他国家子嗣一样感到自豪。”
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
身份认同与团结
鉴于对殖民政府的不满日益增加，当地人的集体意识开始酝酿：他们共同生活的意义是什么？这些居民如何通过对这个岛屿的归属感来区分自己？如果这些来自不同背景的移民将这片土地视为自己的家，他们应该如何团结起来才能与众不同？
尽管这些问题一直萦绕在人们的脑海中，但它们只是抽象的概念，直到英国人离开，一个统一的马来亚——后来是一个统一的新加坡——诞生。当马来亚人摆脱殖民统治者，自行管理时，身份认同和团结的问题变得比以往任何时候都更加迫切。这些问题现在需要答案，而答案将影响人们的日常生活。
种族身份和公民权问题在 1963 年 9 月新加坡与马来亚联合邦合并的谈判中占据了重要地位。新加坡作为联合邦的一部分，由于华人占多数的人民行动党
(PAP) 直接与执政的马来民族统一机构 (UMNO) 竞争，导致紧张局势加剧，而后者试图保护马来人的利益。结果，1964
年新加坡爆发了华人和马来人之间的骚乱。29 即使在新加坡和马来西亚分道扬镳并于 1965
年获得独立之后，岛上的种族分歧仍然使人民行动党政府面临着管理这些种族紧张局势和打造共同新加坡身份的艰巨任务。
1965 年 8 月 9 日，新加坡脱离马来西亚，成为一个独立的主权国家。新加坡与马来西亚的联盟持续了不到 23
个月。执政党的立场很明确：各族裔一视同仁，融合而不是分离。英语是各主要族群的“中性”语言，也是新加坡的商业语言和跨种族交流语言。因此，英语与以族裔为基础的母语一起教授，符合政府的双语政策。
到 1987 年，所有学校都以英语为主要教学语言，结束了以族裔为基础的母语学校，而中文、马来语和泰米尔语则作为第二语言。
跨文化的新加坡人身份和商业实用性优先于种族，政府设想种族差异将让位于一种集体民族意识。采取了具体的政策措施：与莱佛士强制要求的种族隔离聚居区形成鲜明对比的是，人民行动党于
1989 年在公共住房区设定了种族配额，确保每个这样的住房区和公寓楼都容纳不同种族的家庭。32
此举明确表明了政府反对形成社区聚居区的立场：在人民行动党看来，实现和谐的关键不是将不同的民族分开，而是将他们团结在一起。
自 700 年前新加坡作为贸易港的早期以来，多样性一直存在。新加坡一直是移民城市，他们带来了贸易、
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MODERN HISTORY
Written by Annajane
Kennard, Robert
Ho•
East India Company
In January 1819 Stamford Raffles of the English East India Company,
searching for a trading site, forestalled by the Dutch at Riau, and
finding the Carimon (Karimun) Islands unsuitable, landed at Singapore.
He found only a few Chinese planters, some Indigenous people, and a few
Malays and was told by the hereditary chief, the temenggong (direct
ancestor of the sultans of present-day Johor, Malaysia), that the
company could purchase land. The temenggong, however, was a subordinate
of his cousin Abdul Rahman, sultan of Riau-Johor, who was under Dutch
surveillance. Furthermore, Abdul Rahman was a younger son and not a
sultan de jure. Raffles, disobeying instructions not to offend the
Dutch, withdrew his own recognition of Abdul Rahman’s suzerainty over
Singapore and installed Abdul Rahman’s elder brother, Hussein (Husain),
to validate the purchase of land there on behalf of the company. The
Dutch protested. In London the company’s court of directors, though it
decided that Raffles had contravened instructions, took no action.
In 1824 an Anglo-Dutch treaty left Malaya and Singapore in the British
sphere, and in August the whole of Singapore Island was ceded to the
British for a monetary payment. Two years later Singapore, Penang, and
Malacca (Melaka) were combined as the Straits Settlements to form an
outlying residency of India. In 1830 they were reduced to a residency
under Bengal, and two years later Singapore became their capital. When
the East India Company lost its monopoly of the China trade (1833), it
also lost its interest in Malaya. The settlements were transferred to
the direct control of the governor-general of India in 1851. In 1867
they were made a crown colony under the Colonial Office in London.
Development of the port of Singapore
Meanwhile, Singapore’s trade had suffered after 1842 from British
development of a rival port, Hong Kong, as later it was to suffer from
the French occupation of mainland Southeast Asia and the development of
Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) and Haiphong in Vietnam and from the
establishment of Dutch ports and shipping lines in the Dutch East Indies
(present-day Indonesia). With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and
the advent of steamships, however, an era of prosperity began that led
eventually to the construction of 3 miles (5 km) of wharves at Tanjong
Pagar and finally, in 1921, a naval base. The economic growth of the
Malay states after they became British protectorates enlarged transit
trade.
The demand of the industrial West for tin and rubber was what made
Singapore one of the greatest ports in the world. After World War I,
steps were taken to modernize Malayan defenses and, with the lapsing of
the Anglo-Japanese alliance, to build a large naval base in Singapore.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
World War II and the end of colonialism
In early December 1941 the Japanese landed in northern Malaya and
southern Thailand on the Malay Peninsula. They quickly gained air and
naval superiority in the region, and by the end of January 1942 they had
overrun the peninsula and were opposite Singapore Island. The Japanese
crossed the Johor Strait on February 8, 1942, and the British command
surrendered the island and city one week later. Singapore remained in
Japanese hands until September 1945.
Postwar British political plans for Malaya excluded Singapore from a
proposed Malayan Union and later from the Federation of Malaya, mainly
because it was thought that Singapore’s predominantly Chinese population
would be an ethnic obstacle to common citizenship. As a separate crown
colony (from 1946), Singapore made constitutional progress despite the
communist insurrection in Malaya. Elected ministers and a Legislative
Assembly with an elected majority assumed government responsibility in
1955, except for matters of defense and foreign policy. In 1959 the
official and nominated elements were eliminated, and Singapore became
self-governing, although Britain still retained control of defense and
foreign policy.
First decades of self-government
Singapore joined the Federation
of Malaysia on its formation in September 1963. The ruling People’s
Action Party (PAP), led by Lee Kuan Yew, had refused in 1959 to
form a government until extreme left-wing leaders of the party who had
been detained by the colonial authorities were released. Those leaders
opposed the concept of Malaysia and broke away from the PAP to form the
Socialist Front (Barisan Sosialis), which was accused of being a
communist front organization. The PAP faced fresh dangers of subversion
when Indonesian opposition to Malaysia took the form of military and
economic confrontation (1964).
Confrontation ended in 1966, but Singapore had seceded from Malaysia in
1965 (at the invitation of the Malaysian government) because of
political friction between the state and central governments. That
conflict had ethnic overtones and continued to affect relations between
Singapore and Malaysia until the mid-1970s, when relations became more
cordial.
In January 1968 the British government had announced that all British
defense forces would be withdrawn from East and Southeast Asia (except
Hong Kong) by the end of 1971. In April Singapore’s unprepared major
opposition parties boycotted an election called seven months before it
was due. The ruling PAP termed its sweep of all parliamentary seats a
mandate for its plans for reducing the economic effects of the British
military withdrawal.
At the end of October 1971, British military presence in Singapore
came to an end. The Anglo-Malayan treaty concluded in 1957, which had
committed Britain to the defense of the region, was terminated, and in
its place a five-power defense arrangement—involving Britain, Australia,
New Zealand, Malaysia, and Singapore as equal partners—came into force.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Beginning in the 1970s Singapore pursued an aggressive policy of
economic growth based primarily on export manufacturing and trade.
Gradually, it also took a more active role in regional diplomacy.
Singapore was a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, and by 1980 it had emerged as one of ASEAN’s
leaders. The PAP continued to dominate Singaporean politics after Lee
stepped down as prime minister in 1990, and between 1981 and 1991
opposition parties gradually increased their number of seats in
Parliament from one to four. Yet, despite the country’s phenomenal
economic success, resultant high standards of living, and subsequent
goal of internationalization, the government’s policies of developmental
paternalism bred some discontent among those who had come to expect
greater openness to new ideas and a freer flow of information.
Singapore since 1990
Goh Chok Tong, who for several
years had served as Singapore’s deputy prime minister, succeeded Lee as
prime minister in late 1990, although Lee remained in the
government and powerful behind the scenes as a “senior minister” in the
cabinet. The PAP maintained firm control of Parliament through a
succession of elections. After opposition candidates won four seats in
the 1991 legislative contest, their numbers in the 1997, 2001, and 2006
polls dropped to two each time. Opposition parties were granted a small
but increasing number of constitutionally mandated appointed seats, but
the PAP continued to enjoy an overwhelminglegislative mandate.
The economy continued to do well during most of Goh’s tenure in office,
although the country was seriously affected by the Asian financial
crisis of the late 1990s. Growth resumed in the early 2000s, however,
buoyed by a strong manufacturing sector. At the time that Goh became
prime minister in 1990, Lee Hsien Loong, Lee Kuan Yew’s son, was named
deputy prime minister. The general understanding was that the younger
Lee was being groomed to eventually succeed Goh. Such a transition took
place in August 2004, when, following Goh’s resignation from office, Lee
was named the country’s new prime minister. Goh became the new senior
minister, and the elder Lee was designated to the post of “minister
mentor,” both still influential cabinet positions.
Lee Hsien Loong presided over
successful legislative elections in 2006, with the PAP retaining
its commanding presence in Parliament. Two years later, however,
Singapore was caught in the global recession of 2008–09, from which it
began to recover only in 2010. Important to that recovery was the growth
of the services sector, notably tourism, which benefited greatly after
two large resort complexes that included newly legalized gambling
casinos opened in 2010.
When Lee took office in 2004, he appeared to be willing to relax
somewhat Singapore’s rigid libel laws and proscriptions against dissent
and to allow greater freedom of expression. However, like his father had
done before him, he continued to bring libel and antidefamation lawsuits
against detractors and political opponents, which earned him disapproval
internationally and stirred discontent at home. He and the PAP were
therefore surprised by the relatively strong showing by opposition
parties in the 2011 parliamentary elections, in which the parties won
six seats outright. Later that year, Tony Tan, the PAP-backed candidate
for the largely ceremonial office of president, barely won election over
his three opponents.
In the wake of the 2011 elections, the Lee administration began to
explore ways of being more responsive to citizens’ concerns. Helping to
pave the way for a change in outlook were the resignations from the
cabinet in 2011 of both Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, a tacit
admission by the government that their presence there was hampering new
approaches and styles of governance. Reforms were subsequently explored
that were intended to make health care, public housing, and education
more affordable for lower-class Singaporeans. One of those measures, a
compulsory national health care plan, was to go into effect at the end
of 2015. The government, however, remained determined to protect the
integrity of political officeholders, which was exemplified by Prime
Minister Lee’s successful libel suit in 2014 against an Internet blogger.
Singaporeans witnessed two
milestone events in 2015. In March Lee Kuan Yew died at the age of 91,
and his passing elicited widespread mourning in the country. In August
the country observed the 50th anniversary of its secession from the
Federation of Malaysia with a gala celebration throughout Singapore. At
the end of that month President Tan dissolved Parliament and called for
early elections, which were held in early September. The PAP again won
overwhelmingly, garnering 83 of the 89 contested seats.
Singapore’s diplomatic relations with its immediate neighbours improved
in the 21st century. Agreements were reached with Malaysia on
territorial disputes and on concerns over water supplies and
transportation access, although some issues regarding water remained
unresolved. Singapore and Indonesia concluded a pact in 2006 that
established special economic zones on islands off the Indonesian coast,
and in 2010 an agreement went into effect between China and six ASEAN
countries (including Singapore) that established a largely tariff-free
trade zone in the region.
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东印度公司
1819 年 1 月，英国东印度公司的斯坦福·莱佛士在廖内寻找贸易地点，荷兰人在廖内抢先一步，发现卡里蒙群岛 (Karimun)
不适合贸易，于是在新加坡登陆。他只找到了几个中国种植园主、一些土著人和几个马来人，世袭酋长天猛公（现马来西亚柔佛州苏丹的直系祖先）告诉他，公司可以购买土地。然而，天猛公是他的堂兄廖内柔佛州苏丹阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼的下属，而阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼受到荷兰人的监视。此外，阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼是他的小儿子，并不是法定的苏丹。莱佛士不服从不得冒犯荷兰人的指示，撤回了对阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼对新加坡宗主权的承认，并任命阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼的哥哥侯赛因
(Husain) 代表公司批准购买新加坡的土地。荷兰人提出抗议。在伦敦，公司的董事会虽然裁定莱佛士违反了指示，但没有采取任何行动。
1824 年，英荷条约将马来亚和新加坡置于英国势力范围内，8 月，整个新加坡岛被割让给英国，以换取金钱。两年后，新加坡、槟城和马六甲
(Melaka) 合并为海峡殖民地，形成印度的一个偏远居住地。1830
年，它们被降为孟加拉管辖下的居住地，两年后新加坡成为其首都。当东印度公司失去对中国贸易的垄断权时（1833 年），它也失去了对马来亚的兴趣。
1851 年，这些定居点被转交给印度总督的直接控制。1867 年，它们成为伦敦殖民地办公室管辖的直辖殖民地。
新加坡港的发展
与此同时，新加坡的贸易在 1842
年之后因英国开发竞争对手香港而受到影响，后来又因法国占领东南亚大陆、越南西贡（现胡志明市）和海防的发展以及荷兰在荷属东印度群岛（现印度尼西亚）建立港口和航运线路而受到影响。然而，随着
1869 年苏伊士运河的开通和蒸汽船的出现，一个繁荣时代开始了，最终导致在丹戎巴葛建造了 3 英里（5 公里）的码头，并最终在 1921
年建造了一个海军基地。马来各邦成为英国保护国后，经济增长扩大了过境贸易。
工业西方对锡和橡胶的需求使新加坡成为世界上最大的港口之一。第一次世界大战后，马来亚采取措施实现防御系统的现代化，并随着英日同盟的破裂，在新加坡建立了大型海军基地。
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
第二次世界大战和殖民主义的终结
1941 年 12 月初，日本人登陆马来半岛北部和泰国南部。他们迅速在该地区取得了空中和海上优势，到 1942 年 1
月底，他们已经占领了半岛，并位于新加坡岛对面。1942 年 2 月 8
日，日本人越过柔佛海峡，英国指挥部在一周后投降了该岛和城市。新加坡一直被日本人控制，直到 1945 年 9 月。
战后英国对马来亚的政治计划将新加坡排除在拟议的马来亚联盟之外，后来又将其排除在马来亚联邦之外，主要是因为人们认为新加坡以华人为主的人口将成为共同公民身份的种族障碍。作为一个独立的直辖殖民地（从
1946 年开始），新加坡尽管马来亚发生了共产主义起义，但仍取得了宪法进步。1955
年，民选部长和以民选多数票当选的立法议会承担了政府责任，但国防和外交政策事务除外。 1959
年，官方和提名的势力被清除，新加坡成为自治政府，但英国仍然控制着国防和外交政策。
自治的最初几十年
1963 年 9 月，马来西亚联邦成立，新加坡加入。1959
年，执政的人民行动党 (PAP) 由李光耀领导，拒绝组建政府，直到被殖民当局拘留的人民行动党极左翼领导人获释。这些领导人反对马来西亚的概念，脱离了人民行动党，成立了社会主义阵线
(Barisan Sosialis)，该阵线被指控为共产主义前线组织。当印尼以军事和经济对抗的形式反对马来西亚时 (1964
年)，人民行动党面临新的颠覆危险。
对抗于 1966 年结束，但由于州政府和中央政府之间的政治摩擦，新加坡于 1965 年 (应马来西亚政府的邀请)
脱离了马来西亚。那场冲突带有种族色彩，一直影响着新加坡和马来西亚的关系，直到 20 世纪 70 年代中期，两国关系才逐渐缓和。
1968 年 1 月，英国政府宣布，到 1971 年底，英国所有国防军将从东亚和东南亚（香港除外）撤出。4
月，新加坡毫无准备的主要反对党抵制了提前七个月举行的选举。执政的人民行动党称，它包揽了所有议会席位，这是其计划减少英国撤军对经济影响的授权。
1971 年 10 月底，英国在新加坡的军事存在宣告结束。1957
年签订的英马条约终止，该条约规定英国负责保卫该地区，取而代之的是五国防御协议——英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚和新加坡作为平等伙伴——生效。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
从 20 世纪 70
年代开始，新加坡推行了以出口制造和贸易为主的积极经济增长政策。逐渐地，新加坡也在区域外交中扮演了更积极的角色。新加坡是 1967
年成立的东南亚国家联盟 (ASEAN) 的创始成员国之一，到 1980 年，它已成为东盟的领导者之一。李光耀 1990
年卸任总理后，人民行动党继续主导新加坡政坛，1981 年至 1991 年间，反对党在议会中的席位逐渐从 1 席增加到 4
席。然而，尽管该国取得了惊人的经济成功，生活水平也因此提高，并随后实现了国际化目标，但政府的发展家长式政策还是引起了一些不满，这些不满人士原本期望政府能够更加开放地接受新思想，信息流通也更加自由。
1990 年以来的新加坡
吴作栋曾担任新加坡副总理数年，于 1990 年底接替李光耀出任总理，尽管李光耀仍留在政府，并以内阁“高级部长”的身份在幕后发挥着重要作用。人民行动党通过一系列选举牢牢控制着议会。反对党候选人在
1991 年立法选举中赢得四个席位后，在 1997 年、2001 年和 2006
年的选举中，他们的得票数每次都下降到两个。反对党获得的宪法规定的任命席位数量虽少但不断增加，但人民行动党仍然享有压倒性的立法权力。
在吴作栋任职的大部分时间里，新加坡经济继续表现良好，尽管该国受到了 1990
年代末亚洲金融危机的严重影响。然而，在强劲的制造业的推动下，新加坡经济在 21 世纪初恢复增长。 1990
年，吴作栋出任总理时，李光耀之子李显龙被任命为副总理。人们普遍认为，李显龙将被培养为吴作栋的接班人。2004 年 8
月，这一过渡发生了，吴作栋辞职后，李显龙被任命为该国新总理。吴作栋成为新任高级部长，李显龙被任命为“部长导师”，这两个职位在内阁中仍然具有影响力。
李显龙主持了 2006
年的立法选举，人民行动党在议会中保持了主导地位。然而两年后，新加坡陷入了 2008-09 年的全球经济衰退，直到 2010
年才开始复苏。服务业的增长对复苏至关重要，尤其是旅游业，2010 年两个大型度假村开业，其中包括新合法化的赌场，旅游业从中受益匪浅。
李光耀 2004
年上任时，他似乎愿意稍微放松新加坡严格的诽谤法和对异见者的禁令，并允许更大的言论自由。然而，就像他父亲在他之前所做的那样，他继续对诽谤者和政治对手提起诽谤和反诽谤诉讼，这让他在国际上遭到反对，并在国内引发了不满。因此，他和人民行动党对反对派的相对强劲表现感到惊讶2011
年议会选举中，各政党均获胜，共赢得六个席位。同年晚些时候，人民行动党支持的总统候选人陈庆炎以微弱优势击败三名对手，成功当选总统。
2011 年大选后，李显龙政府开始探索如何更好地回应公民的关切。2011
年，李光耀和吴作栋双双辞去内阁职务，为改变观念铺平了道路。政府默认他们的存在妨碍了新方法和新治理方式的实施。随后，政府探索了旨在让新加坡底层民众更能负担得起医疗保健、公共住房和教育的改革措施。其中一项措施是强制性的全民医疗保健计划，该计划将于
2015 年底生效。然而，政府仍然决心保护政治官员的廉正，这一点从李总理 2014 年成功起诉一名网络博主诽谤案就可以看出。
2015 年，新加坡人见证了两个里程碑事件。3
月，李光耀去世，享年 91 岁，他的逝世引起全国的广泛哀悼。8 月，全国举行盛大庆祝活动，纪念脱离马来西亚联邦 50
周年。当月底，陈水扁总统解散了议会，并宣布提前举行选举。选举于 9 月初举行。人民行动党再次以压倒性优势获胜，获得了 89 个竞选席位中的 83
个。
21
世纪，新加坡与邻国的外交关系得到改善。中国与马来西亚就领土争端以及水资源供应和交通准入问题达成了协议，但一些与水资源有关的问题仍未得到解决。新加坡和印度尼西亚于
2006 年达成协议，在印度尼西亚沿海岛屿上建立经济特区。2010
年，中国与六个东盟国家（包括新加坡）达成协议，在该地区建立了一个基本免关税的贸易区。
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